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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased sedimentation rates and grain sizes 2–4 Myr ago due to the influence of climate change on erosion rates (2001)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 410 (2001), S. 891-897 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Around the globe, and in a variety of settings including active and inactive mountain belts, increases in sedimentation rates as well as in grain sizes of sediments were recorded at ∼2–4 Myr ago, implying increased erosion rates. A change in climate represents the only process that ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35073504
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
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    Initiation of deformation of the Eastern California Shear Zone: Constraints from Garlock fault geometry and Global Positioning System observations (2003)
    In:  Geophys. Res. Lett., Warszawa, Inst. Electrical & Electronics Engineers, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 3-1 to 3-4, pp. 1496, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Geodesy ; Fault zone ; GRL
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    Lateral Fault Growth in the Kashi Anticline (Chinese Tian Shan): Insights From Seismic Interpretation, Shortening Distribution, and Trishear Methods (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Deciphering the relationship between lateral growth of faults and along‐strike deformation (i.e., shortening and uplift) in the Earth's upper crust remains a challenge. Here we gain insight into the relation between these processes by studying the Kashi anticline, an asymmetric, doubly plunging thrust‐fault‐related fold located in the southwest Tian Shan, China. We use seismic interpretation and field observations, together with 2‐D trishear and excess area methods, to quantify the distribution of shortening along this structure. The shortening distribution along strike of the Kashi anticline is nonlinear and has a peaked, asymmetric, bell shape, with a maximum value of 5.9 ± 0.2 km. After comparing the 3‐D structural model of the Kashi anticline and our trishear models, we propose that lateral propagation‐to‐maximum shortening ratio, initiation fault length, and lateral propagation rate control the lateral fault propagation process and the fold terminations. Moreover, the 3‐D fault morphology and the ages of the growth strata suggest that the Kashi anticline experienced two stages of lateral growth with propagation rates of 60 km/Ma between 1.4 ± 0.2 Myr and 0.9 ± 0.3 Ma, and ~67 km/Myr from 0.9 ± 0.3 Ma to present. These observations highlight the relation between the evolution of lateral fault growth and the along‐strike shortening distribution, allowing us to use the latter (which we can measure) to infer the former (which we cannot). These novel insights from the Kashi anticline can be used to understand lateral growth of thrust and normal faults worldwide.
    Print ISSN: 2169-9313
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-9356
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Along‐Strike and Downdip Segmentation of the Pamir Frontal Thrust and its Association with the 1985 Mw 6.9 Wuqia Earthquake (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract The Pamir Frontal Thrust (PFT) along the leading edge of the northern Pamir is characterized by multiple earthquakes with moment magnitudes of 6.5‐7.1. Geometric characteristics of the PFT corresponding to these earthquakes and to future seismic hazards, however, remain largely unexplored. This study focuses on the easternmost segment of the PFT, where the Mw 6.9 Wuqia earthquake occurred in 1985. Through interpretation of available 2D seismic reflection profiles and surface mapping data, we develop a 3D geometric model for the fault plane. Our results illustrate that, at depth, the fault plane is separated by a sub‐horizontal detachment horizon into upper and lower ramps, and both ramps are significantly segmented, along strike, by transfer faults or lateral ramps as well. Such along‐strike and downdip segmentation of the thrust sheet apparently plays a significant control on seismic rupture process of the Wuqia earthquake and can well explain why the region is characterized by moderate‐magnitude (Mw 6.5‐7.1) events. Additionally, our study helps quantify key constraints on the Cenozoic deformation and evolution of the northeastern Pamir and, specifically, determines a total shortening of ≤43 km at the Pamir front: accommodating about 15% of the total indentation of the Pamir range into Central Asia.
    Print ISSN: 2169-9313
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-9356
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    Oblique thrust of the Maidan fault and late Quaternary tectonic deformation in the southwestern Tian Shan, Northwestern China (2019)
    Wiley
    In: Tectonics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract The Maidan fault, which is an east‐northeast‐trending fault in the southwestern Tian Shan, is a sinistral reverse fault that extends more than 400 km in length and constitutes the boundary between the southwestern Tian Shan and the Tarim Basin. Here, we quantify its late Quaternary activity based on the interpretations of high‐resolution remote sensing images and detailed field investigations. In the Aheqi valley, an ~150‐km‐long active fault can be divided into northeastern and southwestern segments based on variations in its strike and geometry. Based on the analysis of its offset geomorphological features and the dating of Quaternary sediments, we estimate the late Quaternary shortening rate across the fault to be 1.19 ± 0.25 mm/yr, the sinistral strike‐slip rate to be 1.56 ± 0.64 mm/yr, and the oblique thrust rate to be 1.96 ± 0.69 mm/yr. Active tectonics, GPS crustal deformation data, and seismic activity indicate that the deformation in the southwestern Tian Shan is characterized by out‐of‐sequence thrust faulting and folding. Late Quaternary deformation has been partitioned into low‐angle thrust faulting along the Kalpin Tagh foreland fold and thrust system and sinistral reverse faulting along the high‐angle range‐front Maidan fault. The sinistral Maidan fault acts as a nucleation point for slip partitioning system, which can be viewed as positive flower structure with its surrounding thrust faults.
    Print ISSN: 0278-7407
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9194
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    The Cenozoic growth of the Qilian Shan in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau: A sedimentary archive from the Jiuxi basin (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-08
    Description: Sedimentary deposits in Tibetan basins archive the spatial-temporal patterns of the deformation and surface uplift processes that created the area's high topography during the Cenozoic India-Asia collision. In this study, new stratigraphic investigation of the Caogou section from the Jiuxi Basin in the northeastern-most part of Tibetan Plateau provides chronologic contraints on the deformation and northward growth of the plateau. Magnetostratigraphic analysis results suggest that the age of the studied ~1000-m-thick section spans from ~24.2 Ma to 2.8 Ma. Detailed sedimentology and apatite fission track (AFT) analyses reveal that variations in the clast provenance, lithofacies, sediment accumulation rates and AFT lag times occurred at ~13.5-10.5 Ma. We interpret these changes as in respons to the initial uplift of the North Qilian Shan. In addition, paleomagnetic declination results from the section indicate a clockwise rotation of the Jiuxi Basin before ~13.5 Ma, which was followed by a subsequent counterclockwise rotation during 13.5-9 Ma. This reversal in rotation direction may be directly related to left-lateral strike-slip activity along the easternmost segment of the Altyn Tagh fault. Combined with previous studies, we suggest that movement on the western part of the Altyn Tagh fault was probably initiated during the Oligocene (〉30 Ma) and that fault propagation to its eastern tip occurred during the middle-late Miocene.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Pulsed growth of the West Qiling at ~30 Ma in northeastern Tibet: Evidence from Lanzhou Basin magnetostratigraphy and provenance (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-11-06
    Description: The development of Cenozoic basins in the northeast margin of the Tibetan plateau is central to understanding the dynamics of plateau growth. Here, we present a magnetostratigraphy from the Lanzhou Basin, dating the terrestrial deposits from the Eocene (~47 Ma) to the Middle Miocene (~15 Ma). The stratigraphic observation, palocurrent and seidment provenance analysis suggest that the Lanzhou Basin (subbasin of the Longzhong Basin) probably initiated as a topographically enclosed depression during Eocene to Early Oligocene (~47-30 Ma). We suspect that right-lateral transtensional deformation inherited from the Cretaceous may result in formation of the Lanzhou Basin at the Eocene. Subsequently, changes in paleocurrent, sandstone and conglomerate compositions and detrital zircon provenance reflect the pulsed growth of the West Qinling at ~30 Ma, which triggered not only the formation of new flexural subsidence to the north of the West Qlinling, but also renewed subsidence of Lanzhou Basin into this broad foreland basin system. We compare this growth history with major NE Tibet deformation and suggest it may result from eastward extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau due to the onset of Altyn Tagh Fault activity at Oligocene.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 8
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    Latest Pleistocene to Holocene thrusting recorded by a flight of strath terraces in the eastern Qilian Shan, NE Tibetan Plateau (2017)
    Wiley
    In: Tectonics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-11-23
    Description: Abastract At the eastern Qilian Shan mountain front in the NE Tibetan Plateau, the Minle-Damaying Fault (MDF), the southernmost fault of the North Frontal Thrust (NFT) system, has previously been proposed as an inactive structure during the Holocene. Here we present a detailed record of six strath terraces of the Xie River, that document the history of active deformation of the MDF. One optically stimulated luminescence dating sample constrains abandonment of the highest terrace T 6 at 12.7 ± 1.4 ka. The formation ages of the lower terraces (T 4 -T 1 ) are dated by AMS 14 C dating. The cumulative vertical offsets of the MDF recorded by these terraces are determined as 12.2 ± 0.4 m (T 6 ), 8.0 ± 0.4 m (T 5 ), 6.4 ± 0.4 m (T 4 ), 4.6 ± 0.1 m (T 3 ), and 3.2 ± 0.2 m (T 1c ) by an unmanned aerial vehicle system, respectively. A long-term vertical slip rate of the MDF of 0.9 ± 0.2 mm/yr is then estimated from the above data of terrace age and vertical offset by a linear regression. Assuming that the fault dip of 35 ± 5 ° measured at the surface is representative for the depth-averaged fault dip, horizontal shortening rates of 0.83 – 1.91 mm/yr are inferred for the MDF. Our new data show that, the proximal fault (the MDF) of the NFT system at the eastern Qilian Shan mountain front has remained active when the deformation propagated basinwards, a different scenario from that observed at both the western and central Qilian Shan mountain front.
    Print ISSN: 0278-7407
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9194
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    Characterizing the transient geomorphic response to base level fall in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (2017)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-09
    Description: Analysis of hillslope gradient, landscape relief, and channel steepness in the Daxia River basin provides evidence of a transient geomorphic response to base level fall on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Low-gradient channels and gentle hillslopes of the upper watershed are separated from a steeper, high-relief landscape by a series of convex knickzones along channel longitudinal profiles. Downstream projection of the “relict” portions of the profiles implies ~800 – 850 m of incision, consistent with geologic and geomorphic records of post ~1.7 Ma incision in the lower watershed. We combine optically-stimulated luminescence dating of fluvial terrace deposits to constrain incision rates downstream of knickpoints with catchment-averaged 10 Be concentrations in modern sediment to estimate erosion rates in tributary basins both above and below knickpoints. Both sources of data imply landscape lowering rates of ~300 m Ma -1 below the knickpoint and ~50 – 100 m Ma -1 above. Field measurements of channel width (n = 48) and calculations of bankfull discharge (n = 9) allow determination of scaling relations among channel hydraulic geometry, discharge, and contributing area that we employ to estimate the patterns of basal shear stress, unit stream power and bed load transport rate throughout the channel network. Our results imply a clear downstream increase of incision potential; this result would appear to be consistent with a detachment-limited response to imposed base level fall, in which steepening of channels drives an increase in erosion rates. In contrast, however, we do not observe apparent narrowing of channels across the transition from slowly eroding to rapidly eroding portions of the watershed. Rather, the present-day channel morphology as well as its scaling of hydraulic geometry imply that the river is primarily adjusted to transport its sediment load and suggest that channel morphology may not always reflect the presence of knickpoints and differences in landscape relief.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Constraining the distribution of vertical slip on the South Heli Shan Fault (northeastern Tibet) from high-resolution topographic data (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-07
    Description: Reconstruction of the along-fault slip distribution provides an insight into the long-term rupture patterns of a fault, thereby enabling more accurate assessment of its future behavior. The increasing wealth of high-resolution topographic data, such as LiDAR and photogrammetric DEMs, allows us to better constrain the slip distribution, thus greatly improving our understanding of fault behavior. The South Heli Shan Fault is a major active fault on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. In this study, we built a 2-m resolution DEM of the South Heli Shan Fault based on high-resolution GeoEye-1 stereo satellite imagery, and then measured 302 vertical displacements along the fault, which increased the measurement density of previous field surveys by a factor of nearly 5. The cumulative displacements show an asymmetric distribution along the fault, comprising three major segments. An increasing trend from west to east indicates that the fault has likely propagated westwards over its lifetime. The topographic relief of Heli Shan shows an asymmetry similar to the measured cumulative slip distribution, suggesting that the uplift of Heli Shan may result mainly from the long-term activity of the South Heli Shan Fault. Furthermore, the cumulative displacements divide into discrete clusters along the fault, indicating that the fault has ruptured in several large earthquakes. By constraining the slip-length distribution of each rupture, we found that the events do not support a characteristic recurrence model for the fault.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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