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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2009-11-11
    Description: Small-scale human societies range from foraging bands with a strong egalitarian ethos to more economically stratified agrarian and pastoral societies. We explain this variation in inequality using a dynamic model in which a population's long-run steady-state level of inequality depends on the extent to which its most important forms of wealth are transmitted within families across generations. We estimate the degree of intergenerational transmission of three different types of wealth (material, embodied, and relational), as well as the extent of wealth inequality in 21 historical and contemporary populations. We show that intergenerational transmission of wealth and wealth inequality are substantial among pastoral and small-scale agricultural societies (on a par with or even exceeding the most unequal modern industrial economies) but are limited among horticultural and foraging peoples (equivalent to the most egalitarian of modern industrial populations). Differences in the technology by which a people derive their livelihood and in the institutions and norms making up the economic system jointly contribute to this pattern.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792081/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792081/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique -- Bowles, Samuel -- Hertz, Tom -- Bell, Adrian -- Beise, Jan -- Clark, Greg -- Fazzio, Ila -- Gurven, Michael -- Hill, Kim -- Hooper, Paul L -- Irons, William -- Kaplan, Hillard -- Leonetti, Donna -- Low, Bobbi -- Marlowe, Frank -- McElreath, Richard -- Naidu, Suresh -- Nolin, David -- Piraino, Patrizio -- Quinlan, Rob -- Schniter, Eric -- Sear, Rebecca -- Shenk, Mary -- Smith, Eric Alden -- von Rueden, Christopher -- Wiessner, Polly -- R01 AG024119-01/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R24 HD042828/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R24 HD042828-10/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- T32 HD007168-31/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- T32 HD007543/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- T32 HD007543-10/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 30;326(5953):682-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1178336.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. mborgerhoffmulder@ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19900925" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anthropology, Cultural ; Humans ; *Models, Economic ; *Social Class
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2015-11-21
    Description: Infection with intestinal helminths results in immunological changes that influence co-infections, and might influence fecundity by inducing immunological states affecting conception and pregnancy. We investigated associations between intestinal helminths and fertility in women, using 9 years of longitudinal data from 986 Bolivian forager-horticulturalists, experiencing natural fertility and 70% helminth prevalence. We found that different species of helminth are associated with contrasting effects on fecundity. Infection with roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) is associated with earlier first births and shortened interbirth intervals, whereas infection with hookworm is associated with delayed first pregnancy and extended interbirth intervals. Thus, helminths may have important effects on human fertility that reflect physiological and immunological consequences of infection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Blackwell, Aaron D -- Tamayo, Marilyne A -- Beheim, Bret -- Trumble, Benjamin C -- Stieglitz, Jonathan -- Hooper, Paul L -- Martin, Melanie -- Kaplan, Hillard -- Gurven, Michael -- P01AG022500/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01AG024119/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R56AG024119/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Nov 20;350(6263):970-2. doi: 10.1126/science.aac7902.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. Tsimane Health and Life History Project, San Borja, Bolivia. Broom Center for Demography, University of California Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. blackwell@anth.ucsb.edu. ; Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. ; Tsimane Health and Life History Project, San Borja, Bolivia. Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA. ; Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. Tsimane Health and Life History Project, San Borja, Bolivia. Broom Center for Demography, University of California Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. Center for Evolutionary Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. ; Tsimane Health and Life History Project, San Borja, Bolivia. Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA. Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Toulouse, France. ; Tsimane Health and Life History Project, San Borja, Bolivia. Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. ; Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. Tsimane Health and Life History Project, San Borja, Bolivia. Broom Center for Demography, University of California Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26586763" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Age Factors ; Animals ; Ascariasis/epidemiology/immunology ; Ascaris lumbricoides/immunology ; Bolivia/epidemiology ; Coinfection ; Female ; Fertility/*immunology/physiology ; Gravidity/*immunology/physiology ; Helminthiasis/*immunology ; Humans ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology/*immunology ; Pregnancy ; Prevalence ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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