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  • 1
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Aircraft measurements ; temperature structure parameter ; cloud-air ; clear-air ; active monsoon ; weak monsoon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract High resolution aicraft observations of temperature were made in cloud-air and clear-air at different heights in the lower atmosphere over the Deccan Plateu, India, during the summer monsoon season (June–September) of 1976. Temperature fluctuations in the horizontal at each flight level were utilised for computing the temperature structure parameter (C T 2 ) at that level for studying the hieght dependence ofC T 2 . The results were found to be in agreement with those obtained by other investigators. Also, the height variations ofC T 2 in cloud-air and clear-air during active and weak monsoon conditions are studied. Marked differences were noticed in the behaviour ofC T 2 during active and weak monsoon conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 31 (1982), S. 35-47 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden Monatsmittel der mit Radarmessungen von Meteoritenbahnen über Obninsk (55°N), Heiss Island (80,5°N) und Molodeshnaya (67°S) in den Jahren 1967 bis 1971 gemessenen zonalen und meridionalen Windbeobachtungsdaten in bezug auf vorherrschende und periodische Komponenten analysiert. Aus den geographischen Unterschieden der Beobachtungsdaten ergeben sich verhältnismäßig größere Amplituden an der Station Molodeshnaya. Es wurde beobachtet, daß an allen drei Stationen größere Amplituden der halbtägigen Komponente meist mit kleineren Phasen verbunden sind. Für alle Jahreszeiten wird für jede Station der Impulsfluß zufolge der täglichen und halbtägigen Windkompo nente berechnet. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Messungen an Stationen in anderen Breiten verglichen.
    Notes: Summary Monthly averages of the zonal and meridional neutral wind data recorded over Obninsk (55°N), Heiss Island (805°N) and Molodezhnaya (67°S), using meteor radar technique, during the period 1967–71 are analyzed in detail in terms of prevailing and periodic components. Results of the geographical variation of the data reveal the presence of comparatively higher amplitudes of the wind components at Molodezhnaya station. It is observed that higher amplitudes of the semi-diurnal component are mostly associated with lower phases at all the three stations. The momentum flux due to the diurnal and semi-diurnal wind components are calculated for all the seasons at each site. The results are compared with the measurements made at other latitudinal stations.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 35 (1986), S. 236-241 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Impulsflußberechnungen für die in Atlanta (34°N) von August 1974 bis März 1978 gesammelten Meteor-Winddaten gemacht. Über der Station wurde ein beträchtlicher Impulstransport, der durch Tagesgezeiten während des Sommers und Halbtagesgezeiten während des Winter verursacht wurde, beobachtet. Die monatlichen, mittleren Impulsflußvariationen der Tages- und Halbtagesgezeiten zeigten Schwankungen mit sechsbzw, viermonatlichen Perioden. Die Höhenschwankungen des jährlichen, mittleren Impulsflusses infolge der Tages- und Halbtagesgezeiten zeigten einen polwärts gerichteten Flß innerhalb der Höhenregion von 82–98 km und eine heftige Dämpfung des Impulsflusses infolge der Tagesgezeiten zwischen 90 und 92 m Höhe. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung, die sich auf eine Station der mittleren Breiten in der nördlichen Hemisphäre bezieht, werden mit jenen von Adelaide (35°S), einer Station der mittleren Breiten in der südlichen Hemisphäre verglichen.
    Notes: Summary Computations of momentum flux were made for the meteor wind data collected at Atlanta (34°N), during the period August 1974–March 1978. Substantial transport of momentum due to diurnal tide during summer and semidiurnal tide during winter was observed over the station. Monthly mean momentum flux variations of diurnal and semidiurnal tides exhibited oscillations with periods of about six and four months respectively. The height variations of annual mean momentum flux due to diurnal and semidiurnal tides revealed poleward flux throughout the height region 82–98 km and severe damping of momentum flux due to diurnal tide between the heights 90 and 92 km. The results of the present study relating to the northern hemisphere mid-latitude station are compared with those of Adelaide (35°S), the southern hemisphere mid-latitude station.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 64 (1997), S. 173-186 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary The MST (Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Tropospher) Radar Facility at Gadanki (13.47° N, 79.18° E), near Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India has been operated over seven diurnal cycles—three in November 1994, one in September 1995 and three in January–February 1996 with an objective to study the wind and stability characteristics in the troposphere and lower-stratosphere. The radar-measured height profiles of both zonal (EW) and meridional (NS) wind components and near-simultaneous radiosonde measurements from Madras (13.04° N, 80.7° E) and Bangalore (12.85° N, 77.58° E), the two stations close to either side of the radar site, have been compared and they are found to be in gross agreement within the limitations of the sensing techniques. The results of the study also indicated multiple stable and turbulent structures/stratification throughout the height region from about 4 to 30 km. It is noticed that the stable layers are well marked around the altitudes 4 km, 12 km and the tropopause while the turbulent layers exist a few kilometers below the tropopause. These stable and turbulent layer structures showed good correspondence with the radar-measured wind gradients and also with the radiosonde-derived temperature and wind distributions over Madras. The maximum positive gradient in the signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) which corresponds to ‘radar tropopause’ is found to coincide with the greater potential temperature gradient and smaller wind gradient. The time evolution of atmospheric stability structure, derived from the SNR, spectral width and vertical wind revealed a ‘diffused tropopause’ or ‘tropopause weakening’ which is found to be associated with broader spectral width and larger gradients of winds. This feature is considered to be due either to the instability associated with large vertical gradients in horizontal winds (dynamical instability) or to the instability generated by the convection (convective instability).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Copper, lead, manganese and zinc have been determined in extracts of industrially-contaminated soil to investigate possible sources of variability in the three-stage sequential extraction procedure recommended by BCR. Analysis was performed by flame or electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, using reagent matched, multi-element standard solutions. Interferences were assessed by use of a single-point standard addition. Although the distribution of contaminants in the soil was expected to be heterogeneous, little difference in precision was found when replicate samples ranging in mass from 1–5 g were extracted, provided the extractant:soil ratio was kept constant. Significant differences in operational speciation were, however, obtained when the procedure was carried out independently by three different analysts. This may be due to the critical effect of pH in Step 2. Reproducibility was higher for air-dried than for field-moist soils, but larger amount of metals were extracted, suggesting alterations in speciation occurred during drying.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 65 (1993), S. 197-205 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The nocturnal structure of the lower troposphere is studied using aerosol profile data (50–2800 m AGL) obtained with a bistatic, continuous wave, Argon ion lidar system during October 1986–September 1989 at Pune (18°32′ N, 73°51′ E, 559m AMSL), India. The top of the nocturnal groundbased inversion is taken as the height above ground where the negative vertical gradient in aerosol concentration first reaches a maximum. During the post-sunset period over this station, this height is as low as 160m and frequently lies around 550m. Greater heights are observed in pre-monsoon months and smaller ones during the southwest monsoon season. Positive vertical gradients in aerosol concentration, indicative of stable/elevated layers, appear frequently around 750m. Temporal variations of aerosol concentration gradients in two adjacent air layers, 920–1000m and 100–1100m, provide evidence that stability increases downward in the early night hours.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 950-956 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: EllipsometryEllipsometry, i.e. measuring the thickness of thin films has been applied increasingly to corrosion research in recent years. The author describes the principle of the method as well as the measuring setup and gives some examples concerning the application to the corrosion field, particularly in connection with the formation of passive layers. It is shown that the optical properties of such thin films depend from the nature of these films as well as from the conditions of formation. Up to now, however, one has not succeeded in quantitatively interpreting the changes of optical film properties as a function of film composition and consequently, the composition of the attacking medium. It is important in this context that the layers formed during corrosion are dielectrics and that the electromagnetic behaviour is strongly influenced by lattice defects. The application of the method is expanded by chronoellipsometry involving the simultaneous measurement of the changes of electrical and optical properties during an electrochemical reaction.
    Notes: Die Ellipsometrie, das heißt die Messung der Dicke von dünnen Filmen, ist in den letzten Jahren zunehmend zu Korrosionsuntersuchungen eingesetzt worden. Deu Verfasser beschreibt die Grundlagen der Methode sowie den Aufbau der Meßeinrichtungen und gibt Beispiele für die Anwendung auf dem Korrosionsgebiet, besonders in Zusammenhang mit der Bildung von Passivschichten. Es wird gezeigt, daß die optischen Eigenschaften derartiger dünner Filme sowohl von der Art der Filme als auch von den Entstehungsbedingungen stark abhängen. Bisher ist es jedoch noch nicht gelungen, die änderungen der optischen Filmeigenschaften quantitativ in Abhängigkeit von der Zusammensetzung des Films und damit der Zusammensetzung des einwirkenden Mediums zu deuten. Eine Rolle spielt hierbei auch die Tatsache, daß die bei Korrosion entstehenden Deckschichten Dielektrika sind und daß Gitterfehler das elektromagnetische Verhalten stark beeinflussen. Eine Erweiterung der Methode bildet die Chronoellipsometrie, bei welcher die bei einer elektrochemischen Reaktion auftretenden Veränderungen elektrischer und optischer Eigenschaften gleichzeitig gemessen werden.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 21 (1970), S. 449-457 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Anodic protection ot titanium in the rayon industryA shell and tube exchanger of Ti for preheating spinning baths (47 to 75°C) is operating under an anodic protection potential of 10 to 15 V during two years' operation no measurable thinning has been found. In this connection it is important to prevent crevice corrosion, either by suitable design or by using a tube plate of Ti with 0,2% Pd. Proto-types of exchangers have been used to establish the throwing power of electrodes mounted at different points in the equipment.
    Notes: Ein Rohrbündelaustauscher aus Ti zum Vorerhitzen won Spinnbad (47 auf 75 °C) arbeitet mit einer anodischen Schutzspannung von 10 bis 15 V; im Laufe von 2 Jahren konnte keine meß;bare Dickenabnahme gefunden werden. Wichtig ist hierbei die Verhinderung der Möglichkeit von Spaltkorrosion, entweder durch konstruktive Maß;nahmen oder durch Verwendung eines Rohrbodens aus Ti mit 0,2% Pd. An Apparate-Prototypen wurde wor allem das Streuvermögen von an verschiedenen Stellen angebrachten Elektroden untersucht.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1980-12-01
    Print ISSN: 1073-5623
    Electronic ISSN: 1543-1940
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1994-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0899-8418
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-0088
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of Royal Meteorological Society.
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