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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the genetically homogeneous Danish population, 27 HLA-DR3,4 heterozygous patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and 19 DR3,4 heterozygous controls without family history of IDDM were investigated for HLA-region markers and Gm and Km immunoglobulin allotypes. The aim was to define susceptibility factors for IDDM development other than HLA-DR using a number of techniques: lymphocytotoxicity (HLA-DR and DQ antigens), cellular methods (Dw and DP typing), restriction fragment length polymorphism (DQ alleles), electrophoresis and immunofixation (BF and C4 allotypes), and passive hemagglutination inhibition (Gm and Km immunoglobulin allotypes). The complement allotype C4A3 and the HLA-DQw8 (DQw3.2) antigen were found in all of the patients, whereas this was the case for only 8 of the 19 controls (P=6 x 10−6): five lacked C4A3, five others lacked DQw8, and one of the controls lacked both of these factors. Fourteen of the patients had the complement allotype C4B3 versus three of the controls (P=0.01). Previously reported family studies suggest that these alleles are part of the following haplotype: B15, BFS, C4A3, C4B3, DR4, Dw4, DQw8, and these factors were found together in ten of the patients versus one of the controls (P=0.01). The markers usually associated with DR3 did not show significant differences between IDDM patients and controls, and the non-HLA markers studied showed no significant deviation from what was expected. In addition to the susceptibility factor DQw8, the study suggests the existence of susceptibility genes for IDDM near the complement C4 genes on DR4-carrying haplotypes. Since recent works have shown that the structural gene for the monokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is located between the HLA-B and C4 loci and that TNF-α might be of importance in IDDM pathogenesis, the hypothesis is put forward that the C4-associated IDDM susceptibility reflects linkage dis-equilibrium between the C4 gene and a gene controlling TNF-α production. The high relative risk for IDDM in HLA-DR3,4 heterozygotes might be explained by the combined action of IDDM-specific susceptibility genes on DR4 haplotypes and DR3-linked susceptibility genes associated with predisposition to autoimmunity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Gene imprinting ; HLA class I ; Interferon-γ ; Reverse-transcriptase-PCR ; Trophoblast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Human trophoblast cells have developed various efficient regulatory mechanisms to prevent cell surface expression of the classical HLA-A, -B, and (but not always) -C class I molecules. This allows them to escape maternal alloimmune attack during pregnancy. However, recent results have demonstrated that such a lack of expression could be reversed in villous cytotrophoblast cells purified from term placenta by in vitro IFN-γ treatment. In this context, we investigated whether both maternal and paternal HLA class Ia antigens were co-dominantly expressed in such trophoblast cells. Using polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific primers for HLA-A and HLA-C alleles, we detected transcripts of both paternal and maternal origins, showing that these genes were not affected by genomic imprinting, at least in term placenta. After in vitro IFN-γ treatment, the polymorphic HLA-A and HLA-B antigens of both parental origins become detectable at the cell surface, as assessed by flow cytometry and/or complement-dependent microtoxicity test. Appearance of paternal antigens on trophoblast cells upon IFN-γ induction raises the question of the in vivo biological consequences of this phenomena, in term of materno-fetal tolerance and in particular of a potential allogeneic cytotoxic immune response.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 19 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A likelihood approach to HLA serology has been developed in which the aim is not to define a recognition set for a serum but to describe the serum's ability to react with each and every antigen in the test cells, this ability being quantified in terms of the probability of a positive reaction. For a given set of probabilities, one for each antigen, it is possible to derive the probability of the observed set of reactions (the likelihood of the set of probabilities). The maximum possible value of the likelihood for any possible combination of the probability set can then be sought, but this requires a maximization of likelihood with respect to 60–100 independent parameters. Theoretical considerations of the shape of the likelihood surface prove that, in this particular case, this is a feasible proposition.This approach allows the recognition of three groups of antigens: those for which there is considerable evidence of a specificity, those for which there is either no specificity or a very weak specificity, and those for which there is insufficient evidence on which to base a conclusion. The existence of a specificity can be tested using a log likelihood ratio as a statistic, but the usual assumption of a χ2 distribution of this statistic cannot automatically be made in this situation. Therefore, the distribution is estimated by simulation.A serologist using this approach would receive considerably more information as to the serum's reaction patterns and valid statistics for the existence, or not, of a specificity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 7 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We studied 201 unrelated French Basque individuals for HLA and Bf polymorphisms. The haplotypes of eighty-seven of them were deduced from family studies. The results show the frequency of the Bf F1 allele (0.1393) which is the highest one currently reported. They confirm the high frequencies of HLA-Aw19.2 and B18 previously reported in that population and show that a whole haplotype with strong linkage disequilibria, namely Aw19.2, Cw5, B18, Bf F1, DRw3 is frequent. On the other hand, the gene frequency of Bf S is decreased (0.5497) as compared with the other European Caucasoïd populations, while a slight increase in the Bf F gene frequency (0.2960) appears. These results point out that it is of importance to consider the genetic background in choosing the population where linkage disequilibria are to be studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 103 (1981), S. 1044-1051 
    ISSN: 0006-291X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Analytical Biochemistry 191 (1990), S. 16-20 
    ISSN: 0003-2697
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Behavioral and Neural Biology 59 (1993), S. 100-106 
    ISSN: 0163-1047
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd, UK
    Molecular microbiology 27 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: InlB is one of the two Listeria monocytogenes invasion proteins required for bacterial entry into mammalian cells. Entry into human epithelial cells such as Caco-2 requires InlA, whereas InlB is needed for entry into cultured hepatocytes and some epithelial or fibroblast cell lines such as Vero, HEp-2 and HeLa cells. InlB-mediated entry requires tyrosine phosphorylation, cytoskeletal rearrangements and activation of the host protein phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase, probably in response to engagement of a receptor. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that InlB is sufficient to promote internalization. Indeed, coating of normally non-invasive bacteria or inert latex beads with InlB leads to internalization into mammalian cells. In addition, a soluble form of InlB also appears to promote uptake of non-invasive bacteria, albeit at a very low level. Similar to entry of L. monocytogenes, uptake of InlB-coated beads required tyrosine phosphorylation in the host cell, PI 3-kinase activity and cytoskeletal reorganization. Taken together, these data indicate that InlB is sufficient for entry of L. monocytogenes into host cells and suggest that this protein is an effector of host cell signalling pathways.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 208 (1965), S. 1329-1330 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We for our part have observed, following many authors, ABO modifications in various leukaemic patients2'3. We have also observed a decrease of inhibiting power of Gm factors in these diseases. Table 1 shows our results. We should point out, however, that these modifications are almost always ...
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