ALBERT

Description: Microbial metabolism involves complex, system-level processes implemented via the orchestration of metabolic reactions, gene regulation, and environmental cues. One canonical example of such processes is acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum, during which cells convert carbon sources to organic acids that are later reassimilated to produce solvents as a strategy...

Description: Protein interactions with peptides generally have low thermodynamic and mechanical stability. Streptococcus pyogenes fibronectin-binding protein FbaB contains a domain with a spontaneous isopeptide bond between Lys and Asp. By splitting this domain and rational engineering of the fragments, we obtained a peptide (SpyTag) which formed an amide bond to its protein partner (SpyCatcher) in minutes. Reaction occurred in high yield simply upon mixing and amidst diverse conditions of pH, temperature, and buffer. SpyTag could be fused at either terminus or internally and reacted specifically at the mammalian cell surface. Peptide binding was not reversed by boiling or competing peptide. Single-molecule dynamic force spectroscopy showed that SpyTag did not separate from SpyCatcher until the force exceeded 1 nN, where covalent bonds snap. The robust reaction conditions and irreversible linkage of SpyTag shed light on spontaneous isopeptide bond formation and should provide a targetable lock in cells and a stable module for new protein architectures.

Description: A cornerstone of Einstein's special relativity is Lorentz invariance-the postulate that all observers measure exactly the same speed of light in vacuum, independent of photon-energy. While special relativity assumes that there is no fundamental length-scale associated with such invariance, there is a fundamental scale (the Planck scale, l(Planck) approximately 1.62 x 10(-33) cm or E(Planck) = M(Planck)c(2) approximately 1.22 x 10(19) GeV), at which quantum effects are expected to strongly affect the nature of space-time. There is great interest in the (not yet validated) idea that Lorentz invariance might break near the Planck scale. A key test of such violation of Lorentz invariance is a possible variation of photon speed with energy. Even a tiny variation in photon speed, when accumulated over cosmological light-travel times, may be revealed by observing sharp features in gamma-ray burst (GRB) light-curves. Here we report the detection of emission up to approximately 31 GeV from the distant and short GRB 090510. We find no evidence for the violation of Lorentz invariance, and place a lower limit of 1.2E(Planck) on the scale of a linear energy dependence (or an inverse wavelength dependence), subject to reasonable assumptions about the emission (equivalently we have an upper limit of l(Planck)/1.2 on the length scale of the effect). Our results disfavour quantum-gravity theories in which the quantum nature of space-time on a very small scale linearly alters the speed of light.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abdo, A A -- Ackermann, M -- Ajello, M -- Asano, K -- Atwood, W B -- Axelsson, M -- Baldini, L -- Ballet, J -- Barbiellini, G -- Baring, M G -- Bastieri, D -- Bechtol, K -- Bellazzini, R -- Berenji, B -- Bhat, P N -- Bissaldi, E -- Bloom, E D -- Bonamente, E -- Bonnell, J -- Borgland, A W -- Bouvier, A -- Bregeon, J -- Brez, A -- Briggs, M S -- Brigida, M -- Bruel, P -- Burgess, J M -- Burnett, T H -- Caliandro, G A -- Cameron, R A -- Caraveo, P A -- Casandjian, J M -- Cecchi, C -- Celik, O -- Chaplin, V -- Charles, E -- Cheung, C C -- Chiang, J -- Ciprini, S -- Claus, R -- Cohen-Tanugi, J -- Cominsky, L R -- Connaughton, V -- Conrad, J -- Cutini, S -- Dermer, C D -- de Angelis, A -- de Palma, F -- Digel, S W -- Dingus, B L -- do Couto E Silva, E -- Drell, P S -- Dubois, R -- Dumora, D -- Farnier, C -- Favuzzi, C -- Fegan, S J -- Finke, J -- Fishman, G -- Focke, W B -- Foschini, L -- Fukazawa, Y -- Funk, S -- Fusco, P -- Gargano, F -- Gasparrini, D -- Gehrels, N -- Germani, S -- Gibby, L -- Giebels, B -- Giglietto, N -- Giordano, F -- Glanzman, T -- Godfrey, G -- Granot, J -- Greiner, J -- Grenier, I A -- Grondin, M-H -- Grove, J E -- Grupe, D -- Guillemot, L -- Guiriec, S -- Hanabata, Y -- Harding, A K -- Hayashida, M -- Hays, E -- Hoversten, E A -- Hughes, R E -- Johannesson, G -- Johnson, A S -- Johnson, R P -- Johnson, W N -- Kamae, T -- Katagiri, H -- Kataoka, J -- Kawai, N -- Kerr, M -- Kippen, R M -- Knodlseder, J -- Kocevski, D -- Kouveliotou, C -- Kuehn, F -- Kuss, M -- Lande, J -- Latronico, L -- Lemoine-Goumard, M -- Longo, F -- Loparco, F -- Lott, B -- Lovellette, M N -- Lubrano, P -- Madejski, G M -- Makeev, A -- Mazziotta, M N -- McBreen, S -- McEnery, J E -- McGlynn, S -- Meszaros, P -- Meurer, C -- Michelson, P F -- Mitthumsiri, W -- Mizuno, T -- Moiseev, A A -- Monte, C -- Monzani, M E -- Moretti, E -- Morselli, A -- Moskalenko, I V -- Murgia, S -- Nakamori, T -- Nolan, P L -- Norris, J P -- Nuss, E -- Ohno, M -- Ohsugi, T -- Omodei, N -- Orlando, E -- Ormes, J F -- Ozaki, M -- Paciesas, W S -- Paneque, D -- Panetta, J H -- Parent, D -- Pelassa, V -- Pepe, M -- Pesce-Rollins, M -- Petrosian, V -- Piron, F -- Porter, T A -- Preece, R -- Raino, S -- Ramirez-Ruiz, E -- Rando, R -- Razzano, M -- Razzaque, S -- Reimer, A -- Reimer, O -- Reposeur, T -- Ritz, S -- Rochester, L S -- Rodriguez, A Y -- Roth, M -- Ryde, F -- Sadrozinski, H F-W -- Sanchez, D -- Sander, A -- Saz Parkinson, P M -- Scargle, J D -- Schalk, T L -- Sgro, C -- Siskind, E J -- Smith, D A -- Smith, P D -- Spandre, G -- Spinelli, P -- Stamatikos, M -- Stecker, F W -- Strickman, M S -- Suson, D J -- Tajima, H -- Takahashi, H -- Takahashi, T -- Tanaka, T -- Thayer, J B -- Thayer, J G -- Thompson, D J -- Tibaldo, L -- Toma, K -- Torres, D F -- Tosti, G -- Troja, E -- Uchiyama, Y -- Uehara, T -- Usher, T L -- van der Horst, A J -- Vasileiou, V -- Vilchez, N -- Vitale, V -- von Kienlin, A -- Waite, A P -- Wang, P -- Wilson-Hodge, C -- Winer, B L -- Wood, K S -- Wu, X F -- Yamazaki, R -- Ylinen, T -- Ziegler, M -- England -- Nature. 2009 Nov 19;462(7271):331-4. doi: 10.1038/nature08574. Epub 2009 Oct 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19865083" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Pulsars are rapidly rotating, highly magnetized neutron stars emitting radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum. Although there are more than 1800 known radio pulsars, until recently only seven were observed to pulse in gamma rays, and these were all discovered at other wavelengths. The Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) makes it possible to pinpoint neutron stars through their gamma-ray pulsations. We report the detection of 16 gamma-ray pulsars in blind frequency searches using the LAT. Most of these pulsars are coincident with previously unidentified gamma-ray sources, and many are associated with supernova remnants. Direct detection of gamma-ray pulsars enables studies of emission mechanisms, population statistics, and the energetics of pulsar wind nebulae and supernova remnants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abdo, A A -- Ackermann, M -- Ajello, M -- Anderson, B -- Atwood, W B -- Axelsson, M -- Baldini, L -- Ballet, J -- Barbiellini, G -- Baring, M G -- Bastieri, D -- Baughman, B M -- Bechtol, K -- Bellazzini, R -- Berenji, B -- Bignami, G F -- Blandford, R D -- Bloom, E D -- Bonamente, E -- Borgland, A W -- Bregeon, J -- Brez, A -- Brigida, M -- Bruel, P -- Burnett, T H -- Caliandro, G A -- Cameron, R A -- Caraveo, P A -- Casandjian, J M -- Cecchi, C -- Celik, O -- Chekhtman, A -- Cheung, C C -- Chiang, J -- Ciprini, S -- Claus, R -- Cohen-Tanugi, J -- Conrad, J -- Cutini, S -- Dermer, C D -- de Angelis, A -- de Luca, A -- de Palma, F -- Digel, S W -- Dormody, M -- do Couto e Silva, E -- Drell, P S -- Dubois, R -- Dumora, D -- Farnier, C -- Favuzzi, C -- Fegan, S J -- Fukazawa, Y -- Funk, S -- Fusco, P -- Gargano, F -- Gasparrini, D -- Gehrels, N -- Germani, S -- Giebels, B -- Giglietto, N -- Giommi, P -- Giordano, F -- Glanzman, T -- Godfrey, G -- Grenier, I A -- Grondin, M-H -- Grove, J E -- Guillemot, L -- Guiriec, S -- Gwon, C -- Hanabata, Y -- Harding, A K -- Hayashida, M -- Hays, E -- Hughes, R E -- Johannesson, G -- Johnson, R P -- Johnson, T J -- Johnson, W N -- Kamae, T -- Katagiri, H -- Kataoka, J -- Kawai, N -- Kerr, M -- Knodlseder, J -- Kocian, M L -- Kuss, M -- Lande, J -- Latronico, L -- Lemoine-Goumard, M -- Longo, F -- Loparco, F -- Lott, B -- Lovellette, M N -- Lubrano, P -- Madejski, G M -- Makeev, A -- Marelli, M -- Mazziotta, M N -- McConville, W -- McEnery, J E -- Meurer, C -- Michelson, P F -- Mitthumsiri, W -- Mizuno, T -- Monte, C -- Monzani, M E -- Morselli, A -- Moskalenko, I V -- Murgia, S -- Nolan, P L -- Norris, J P -- Nuss, E -- Ohsugi, T -- Omodei, N -- Orlando, E -- Ormes, J F -- Paneque, D -- Parent, D -- Pelassa, V -- Pepe, M -- Pesce-Rollins, M -- Pierbattista, M -- Piron, F -- Porter, T A -- Primack, J R -- Raino, S -- Rando, R -- Ray, P S -- Razzano, M -- Rea, N -- Reimer, A -- Reimer, O -- Reposeur, T -- Ritz, S -- Rochester, L S -- Rodriguez, A Y -- Romani, R W -- Ryde, F -- Sadrozinski, H F-W -- Sanchez, D -- Sander, A -- Saz Parkinson, P M -- Scargle, J D -- Sgro, C -- Siskind, E J -- Smith, D A -- Smith, P D -- Spandre, G -- Spinelli, P -- Starck, J-L -- Strickman, M S -- Suson, D J -- Tajima, H -- Takahashi, H -- Takahashi, T -- Tanaka, T -- Thayer, J G -- Thompson, D J -- Tibaldo, L -- Tibolla, O -- Torres, D F -- Tosti, G -- Tramacere, A -- Uchiyama, Y -- Usher, T L -- Van Etten, A -- Vasileiou, V -- Vilchez, N -- Vitale, V -- Waite, A P -- Wang, P -- Watters, K -- Winer, B L -- Wolff, M T -- Wood, K S -- Ylinen, T -- Ziegler, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):840-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1175558. Epub 2009 Jul 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19574346" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Pulsars are born with subsecond spin periods and slow by electromagnetic braking for several tens of millions of years, when detectable radiation ceases. A second life can occur for neutron stars in binary systems. They can acquire mass and angular momentum from their companions, to be spun up to millisecond periods and begin radiating again. We searched Fermi Large Area Telescope data for pulsations from all known millisecond pulsars (MSPs) outside of globular clusters, using rotation parameters from radio telescopes. Strong gamma-ray pulsations were detected for eight MSPs. The gamma-ray pulse profiles and spectral properties resemble those of young gamma-ray pulsars. The basic emission mechanism seems to be the same for MSPs and young pulsars, with the emission originating in regions far from the neutron star surface.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abdo, A A -- Ackermann, M -- Ajello, M -- Atwood, W B -- Axelsson, M -- Baldini, L -- Ballet, J -- Barbiellini, G -- Baring, M G -- Bastieri, D -- Baughman, B M -- Bechtol, K -- Bellazzini, R -- Berenji, B -- Bignami, G F -- Blandford, R D -- Bloom, E D -- Bonamente, E -- Borgland, A W -- Bregeon, J -- Brez, A -- Brigida, M -- Bruel, P -- Burnett, T H -- Caliandro, G A -- Cameron, R A -- Camilo, F -- Caraveo, P A -- Carlson, P -- Casandjian, J M -- Cecchi, C -- Celik, O -- Charles, E -- Chekhtman, A -- Cheung, C C -- Chiang, J -- Ciprini, S -- Claus, R -- Cognard, I -- Cohen-Tanugi, J -- Cominsky, L R -- Conrad, J -- Corbet, R -- Cutini, S -- Dermer, C D -- Desvignes, G -- de Angelis, A -- de Luca, A -- de Palma, F -- Digel, S W -- Dormody, M -- do Couto e Silva, E -- Drell, P S -- Dubois, R -- Dumora, D -- Edmonds, Y -- Farnier, C -- Favuzzi, C -- Fegan, S J -- Focke, W B -- Frailis, M -- Freire, P C C -- Fukazawa, Y -- Funk, S -- Fusco, P -- Gargano, F -- Gasparrini, D -- Gehrels, N -- Germani, S -- Giebels, B -- Giglietto, N -- Giordano, F -- Glanzman, T -- Godfrey, G -- Grenier, I A -- Grondin, M H -- Grove, J E -- Guillemot, L -- Guiriec, S -- Hanabata, Y -- Harding, A K -- Hayashida, M -- Hays, E -- Hobbs, G -- Hughes, R E -- Johannesson, G -- Johnson, A S -- Johnson, R P -- Johnson, T J -- Johnson, W N -- Johnston, S -- Kamae, T -- Katagiri, H -- Kataoka, J -- Kawai, N -- Kerr, M -- Knodlseder, J -- Kocian, M L -- Kramer, M -- Kuss, M -- Lande, J -- Latronico, L -- Lemoine-Goumard, M -- Longo, F -- Loparco, F -- Lott, B -- Lovellette, M N -- Lubrano, P -- Madejski, G M -- Makeev, A -- Manchester, R N -- Marelli, M -- Mazziotta, M N -- McConville, W -- McEnery, J E -- McLaughlin, M A -- Meurer, C -- Michelson, P F -- Mitthumsiri, W -- Mizuno, T -- Moiseev, A A -- Monte, C -- Monzani, M E -- Morselli, A -- Moskalenko, I V -- Murgia, S -- Nolan, P L -- Norris, J P -- Nuss, E -- Ohsugi, T -- Omodei, N -- Orlando, E -- Ormes, J F -- Paneque, D -- Panetta, J H -- Parent, D -- Pelassa, V -- Pepe, M -- Pesce-Rollins, M -- Piron, F -- Porter, T A -- Raino, S -- Rando, R -- Ransom, S M -- Ray, P S -- Razzano, M -- Rea, N -- Reimer, A -- Reimer, O -- Reposeur, T -- Ritz, S -- Rochester, L S -- Rodriguez, A Y -- Romani, R W -- Roth, M -- Ryde, F -- Sadrozinski, H F W -- Sanchez, D -- Sander, A -- Saz Parkinson, P M -- Scargle, J D -- Schalk, T L -- Sgro, C -- Siskind, E J -- Smith, D A -- Smith, P D -- Spandre, G -- Spinelli, P -- Stappers, B W -- Starck, J L -- Striani, E -- Strickman, M S -- Suson, D J -- Tajima, H -- Takahashi, H -- Tanaka, T -- Thayer, J B -- Thayer, J G -- Theureau, G -- Thompson, D J -- Thorsett, S E -- Tibaldo, L -- Torres, D F -- Tosti, G -- Tramacere, A -- Uchiyama, Y -- Usher, T L -- Van Etten, A -- Vasileiou, V -- Venter, C -- Vilchez, N -- Vitale, V -- Waite, A P -- Wallace, E -- Wang, P -- Watters, K -- Webb, N -- Weltevrede, P -- Winer, B L -- Wood, K S -- Ylinen, T -- Ziegler, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):848-52. doi: 10.1126/science.1176113.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory,Washington, DC 20375, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19574349" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: We report the detection of gamma-ray emissions above 200 megaelectron volts at a significance level of 17sigma from the globular cluster 47 Tucanae, using data obtained with the Large Area Telescope onboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. Globular clusters are expected to emit gamma rays because of the large populations of millisecond pulsars that they contain. The spectral shape of 47 Tucanae is consistent with gamma-ray emission from a population of millisecond pulsars. The observed gamma-ray luminosity implies an upper limit of 60 millisecond pulsars present in 47 Tucanae.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abdo, A A -- Ackermann, M -- Ajello, M -- Atwood, W B -- Axelsson, M -- Baldini, L -- Ballet, J -- Barbiellini, G -- Bastieri, D -- Baughman, B M -- Bechtol, K -- Bellazzini, R -- Berenji, B -- Blandford, R D -- Bloom, E D -- Bonamente, E -- Borgland, A W -- Bregeon, J -- Brez, A -- Brigida, M -- Bruel, P -- Burnett, T H -- Caliandro, G A -- Cameron, R A -- Caraveo, P A -- Casandjian, J M -- Cecchi, C -- Celik, O -- Charles, E -- Chaty, S -- Chekhtman, A -- Cheung, C C -- Chiang, J -- Ciprini, S -- Claus, R -- Cohen-Tanugi, J -- Conrad, J -- Cutini, S -- Dermer, C D -- de Palma, F -- Digel, S W -- Dormody, M -- do Couto e Silva, E -- Drell, P S -- Dubois, R -- Dumora, D -- Farnier, C -- Favuzzi, C -- Fegan, S J -- Focke, W B -- Frailis, M -- Fukazawa, Y -- Fusco, P -- Gargano, F -- Gasparrini, D -- Gehrels, N -- Germani, S -- Giebels, B -- Giglietto, N -- Giordano, F -- Glanzman, T -- Godfrey, G -- Grenier, I A -- Grove, J E -- Guillemot, L -- Guiriec, S -- Hanabata, Y -- Harding, A K -- Hayashida, M -- Hays, E -- Horan, D -- Hughes, R E -- Johannesson, G -- Johnson, A S -- Johnson, R P -- Johnson, T J -- Johnson, W N -- Kamae, T -- Katagiri, H -- Kawai, N -- Kerr, M -- Knodlseder, J -- Kuehn, F -- Kuss, M -- Lande, J -- Latronico, L -- Lemoine-Goumard, M -- Longo, F -- Loparco, F -- Lott, B -- Lovellette, M N -- Lubrano, P -- Makeev, A -- Mazziotta, M N -- McConville, W -- McEnery, J E -- Meurer, C -- Michelson, P F -- Mitthumsiri, W -- Mizuno, T -- Moiseev, A A -- Monte, C -- Monzani, M E -- Morselli, A -- Moskalenko, I V -- Murgia, S -- Nolan, P L -- Norris, J P -- Nuss, E -- Ohsugi, T -- Omodei, N -- Orlando, E -- Ormes, J F -- Paneque, D -- Panetta, J H -- Parent, D -- Pelassa, V -- Pepe, M -- Pierbattista, M -- Piron, F -- Porter, T A -- Raino, S -- Rando, R -- Razzano, M -- Rea, N -- Reimer, A -- Reimer, O -- Reposeur, T -- Ritz, S -- Rochester, L S -- Rodriguez, A Y -- Romani, R W -- Roth, M -- Ryde, F -- Sadrozinski, H F-W -- Sanchez, D -- Sander, A -- Saz Parkinson, P M -- Sgro, C -- Smith, D A -- Smith, P D -- Spandre, G -- Spinelli, P -- Starck, J-L -- Strickman, M S -- Suson, D J -- Tajima, H -- Takahashi, H -- Tanaka, T -- Thayer, J B -- Thayer, J G -- Thompson, D J -- Tibaldo, L -- Torres, D F -- Tosti, G -- Tramacere, A -- Uchiyama, Y -- Usher, T L -- Vasileiou, V -- Vilchez, N -- Vitale, V -- Wang, P -- Webb, N -- Winer, B L -- Wood, K S -- Ylinen, T -- Ziegler, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):845-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1177023.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19679807" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The accretion of matter onto a massive black hole is believed to feed the relativistic plasma jets found in many active galactic nuclei (AGN). Although some AGN accelerate particles to energies exceeding 10(12) electron volts and are bright sources of very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray emission, it is not yet known where the VHE emission originates. Here we report on radio and VHE observations of the radio galaxy Messier 87, revealing a period of extremely strong VHE gamma-ray flares accompanied by a strong increase of the radio flux from its nucleus. These results imply that charged particles are accelerated to very high energies in the immediate vicinity of the black hole.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉VERITAS Collaboration -- VLBA 43 GHz M87 Monitoring Team -- H.E.S.S. Collaboration -- MAGIC Collaboration -- Acciari, V A -- Aliu, E -- Arlen, T -- Bautista, M -- Beilicke, M -- Benbow, W -- Bradbury, S M -- Buckley, J H -- Bugaev, V -- Butt, Y -- Byrum, K -- Cannon, A -- Celik, O -- Cesarini, A -- Chow, Y C -- Ciupik, L -- Cogan, P -- Cui, W -- Dickherber, R -- Fegan, S J -- Finley, J P -- Fortin, P -- Fortson, L -- Furniss, A -- Gall, D -- Gillanders, G H -- Grube, J -- Guenette, R -- Gyuk, G -- Hanna, D -- Holder, J -- Horan, D -- Hui, C M -- Humensky, T B -- Imran, A -- Kaaret, P -- Karlsson, N -- Kieda, D -- Kildea, J -- Konopelko, A -- Krawczynski, H -- Krennrich, F -- Lang, M J -- LeBohec, S -- Maier, G -- McCann, A -- McCutcheon, M -- Millis, J -- Moriarty, P -- Ong, R A -- Otte, A N -- Pandel, D -- Perkins, J S -- Petry, D -- Pohl, M -- Quinn, J -- Ragan, K -- Reyes, L C -- Reynolds, P T -- Roache, E -- Rose, H J -- Schroedter, M -- Sembroski, G H -- Smith, A W -- Swordy, S P -- Theiling, M -- Toner, J A -- Varlotta, A -- Vincent, S -- Wakely, S P -- Ward, J E -- Weekes, T C -- Weinstein, A -- Williams, D A -- Wissel, S -- Wood, M -- Walker, R C -- Davies, F -- Hardee, P E -- Junor, W -- Ly, C -- Aharonian, F -- Akhperjanian, A G -- Anton, G -- Barres de Almeida, U -- Bazer-Bachi, A R -- Becherini, Y -- Behera, B -- Bernlohr, K -- Bochow, A -- Boisson, C -- Bolmont, J -- Borrel, V -- Brucker, J -- Brun, F -- Brun, P -- Buhler, R -- Bulik, T -- Busching, I -- Boutelier, T -- Chadwick, P M -- Charbonnier, A -- Chaves, R C G -- Cheesebrough, A -- Chounet, L-M -- Clapson, A C -- Coignet, G -- Dalton, M -- Daniel, M K -- Davids, I D -- Degrange, B -- Deil, C -- Dickinson, H J -- Djannati-Atai, A -- Domainko, W -- Drury, L O'C -- Dubois, F -- Dubus, G -- Dyks, J -- Dyrda, M -- Egberts, K -- Emmanoulopoulos, D -- Espigat, P -- Farnier, C -- Feinstein, F -- Fiasson, A -- Forster, A -- Fontaine, G -- Fussling, M -- Gabici, S -- Gallant, Y A -- Gerard, L -- Gerbig, D -- Giebels, B -- Glicenstein, J F -- Gluck, B -- Goret, P -- Gohring, D -- Hauser, D -- Hauser, M -- Heinz, S -- Heinzelmann, G -- Henri, G -- Hermann, G -- Hinton, J A -- Hoffmann, A -- Hofmann, W -- Holleran, M -- Hoppe, S -- Horns, D -- Jacholkowska, A -- de Jager, O C -- Jahn, C -- Jung, I -- Katarzynski, K -- Katz, U -- Kaufmann, S -- Kendziorra, E -- Kerschhaggl, M -- Khangulyan, D -- Khelifi, B -- Keogh, D -- Kluzniak, W -- Kneiske, T -- Komin, Nu -- Kosack, K -- Lamanna, G -- Lenain, J-P -- Lohse, T -- Marandon, V -- Martin, J M -- Martineau-Huynh, O -- Marcowith, A -- Maurin, D -- McComb, T J L -- Medina, M C -- Moderski, R -- Moulin, E -- Naumann-Godo, M -- de Naurois, M -- Nedbal, D -- Nekrassov, D -- Nicholas, B -- Niemiec, J -- Nolan, S J -- Ohm, S -- Olive, J-F -- de Ona Wilhelmi, E -- Orford, K J -- Ostrowski, M -- Panter, M -- Paz Arribas, M -- Pedaletti, G -- Pelletier, G -- Petrucci, P-O -- Pita, S -- Puhlhofer, G -- Punch, M -- Quirrenbach, A -- Raubenheimer, B C -- Raue, M -- Rayner, S M -- Renaud, M -- Rieger, F -- Ripken, J -- Rob, L -- Rosier-Lees, S -- Rowell, G -- Rudak, B -- Rulten, C B -- Ruppel, J -- Sahakian, V -- Santangelo, A -- Schlickeiser, R -- Schock, F M -- Schroder, R -- Schwanke, U -- Schwarzburg, S -- Schwemmer, S -- Shalchi, A -- Sikora, M -- Skilton, J L -- Sol, H -- Spangler, D -- Stawarz, L -- Steenkamp, R -- Stegmann, C -- Stinzing, F -- Superina, G -- Szostek, A -- Tam, P H -- Tavernet, J-P -- Terrier, R -- Tibolla, O -- Tluczykont, M -- van Eldik, C -- Vasileiadis, G -- Venter, C -- Venter, L -- Vialle, J P -- Vincent, P -- Vivier, M -- Volk, H J -- Volpe, F -- Wagner, S J -- Ward, M -- Zdziarski, A A -- Zech, A -- Anderhub, H -- Antonelli, L A -- Antoranz, P -- Backes, M -- Baixeras, C -- Balestra, S -- Barrio, J A -- Bastieri, D -- Becerra Gonzalez, J -- Becker, J K -- Bednarek, W -- Berger, K -- Bernardini, E -- Biland, A -- Bock, R K -- Bonnoli, G -- Bordas, P -- Borla Tridon, D -- Bosch-Ramon, V -- Bose, D -- Braun, I -- Bretz, T -- Britvitch, I -- Camara, M -- Carmona, E -- Commichau, S -- Contreras, J L -- Cortina, J -- Costado, M T -- Covino, S -- Curtef, V -- Dazzi, F -- De Angelis, A -- De Cea del Pozo, E -- Delgado Mendez, C -- De los Reyes, R -- De Lotto, B -- De Maria, M -- De Sabata, F -- Dominguez, A -- Dorner, D -- Doro, M -- Elsaesser, D -- Errando, M -- Ferenc, D -- Fernandez, E -- Firpo, R -- Fonseca, M V -- Font, L -- Galante, N -- Garcia Lopez, R J -- Garczarczyk, M -- Gaug, M -- Goebel, F -- Hadasch, D -- Hayashida, M -- Herrero, A -- Hildebrand, D -- Hohne-Monch, D -- Hose, J -- Hsu, C C -- Jogler, T -- Kranich, D -- La Barbera, A -- Laille, A -- Leonardo, E -- Lindfors, E -- Lombardi, S -- Longo, F -- Lopez, M -- Lorenz, E -- Majumdar, P -- Maneva, G -- Mankuzhiyil, N -- Mannheim, K -- Maraschi, L -- Mariotti, M -- Martinez, M -- Mazin, D -- Meucci, M -- Miranda, J M -- Mirzoyan, R -- Miyamoto, H -- Moldon, J -- Moles, M -- Moralejo, A -- Nieto, D -- Nilsson, K -- Ninkovic, J -- Oya, I -- Paoletti, R -- Paredes, J M -- Pasanen, M -- Pascoli, D -- Pauss, F -- Pegna, R G -- Perez-Torres, M A -- Persic, M -- Peruzzo, L -- Prada, F -- Prandini, E -- Puchades, N -- Reichardt, I -- Rhode, W -- Ribo, M -- Rico, J -- Rissi, M -- Robert, A -- Rugamer, S -- Saggion, A -- Saito, T Y -- Salvati, M -- Sanchez-Conde, M -- Satalecka, K -- Scalzotto, V -- Scapin, V -- Schweizer, T -- Shayduk, M -- Shore, S N -- Sidro, N -- Sierpowska-Bartosik, A -- Sillanpaa, A -- Sitarek, J -- Sobczynska, D -- Spanier, F -- Stamerra, A -- Stark, L S -- Takalo, L -- Tavecchio, F -- Temnikov, P -- Tescaro, D -- Teshima, M -- Torres, D F -- Turini, N -- Vankov, H -- Wagner, R M -- Zabalza, V -- Zandanel, F -- Zanin, R -- Zapatero, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 24;325(5939):444-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1175406. Epub 2009 Jul 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Amado, AZ 85645, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19574351" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope has detected the gamma-ray glow emanating from the giant radio lobes of the radio galaxy Centaurus A. The resolved gamma-ray image shows the lobes clearly separated from the central active source. In contrast to all other active galaxies detected so far in high-energy gamma-rays, the lobe flux constitutes a considerable portion (greater than one-half) of the total source emission. The gamma-ray emission from the lobes is interpreted as inverse Compton-scattered relic radiation from the cosmic microwave background, with additional contribution at higher energies from the infrared-to-optical extragalactic background light. These measurements provide gamma-ray constraints on the magnetic field and particle energy content in radio galaxy lobes, as well as a promising method to probe the cosmic relic photon fields.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fermi-LAT Collaboration -- Abdo, A A -- Ackermann, M -- Ajello, M -- Atwood, W B -- Baldini, L -- Ballet, J -- Barbiellini, G -- Bastieri, D -- Baughman, B M -- Bechtol, K -- Bellazzini, R -- Berenji, B -- Blandford, R D -- Bloom, E D -- Bonamente, E -- Borgland, A W -- Bregeon, J -- Brez, A -- Brigida, M -- Bruel, P -- Burnett, T H -- Buson, S -- Caliandro, G A -- Cameron, R A -- Caraveo, P A -- Casandjian, J M -- Cavazzuti, E -- Cecchi, C -- Celik, O -- Chekhtman, A -- Cheung, C C -- Chiang, J -- Ciprini, S -- Claus, R -- Cohen-Tanugi, J -- Colafrancesco, S -- Cominsky, L R -- Conrad, J -- Costamante, L -- Cutini, S -- Davis, D S -- Dermer, C D -- de Angelis, A -- de Palma, F -- Digel, S W -- do Couto e Silva, E -- Drell, P S -- Dubois, R -- Dumora, D -- Farnier, C -- Favuzzi, C -- Fegan, S J -- Finke, J -- Focke, W B -- Fortin, P -- Fukazawa, Y -- Funk, S -- Fusco, P -- Gargano, F -- Gasparrini, D -- Gehrels, N -- Georganopoulos, M -- Germani, S -- Giebels, B -- Giglietto, N -- Giordano, F -- Giroletti, M -- Glanzman, T -- Godfrey, G -- Grenier, I A -- Grove, J E -- Guillemot, L -- Guiriec, S -- Hanabata, Y -- Harding, A K -- Hayashida, M -- Hays, E -- Hughes, R E -- Jackson, M S -- Johannesson, G -- Johnson, A S -- Johnson, T J -- Johnson, W N -- Kamae, T -- Katagiri, H -- Kataoka, J -- Kawai, N -- Kerr, M -- Knodlseder, J -- Kocian, M L -- Kuss, M -- Lande, J -- Latronico, L -- Lemoine-Goumard, M -- Longo, F -- Loparco, F -- Lott, B -- Lovellette, M N -- Lubrano, P -- Madejski, G M -- Makeev, A -- Mazziotta, M N -- McConville, W -- McEnery, J E -- Meurer, C -- Michelson, P F -- Mitthumsiri, W -- Mizuno, T -- Moiseev, A A -- Monte, C -- Monzani, M E -- Morselli, A -- Moskalenko, I V -- Murgia, S -- Nolan, P L -- Norris, J P -- Nuss, E -- Ohsugi, T -- Omodei, N -- Orlando, E -- Ormes, J F -- Paneque, D -- Parent, D -- Pelassa, V -- Pepe, M -- Pesce-Rollins, M -- Piron, F -- Porter, T A -- Raino, S -- Rando, R -- Razzano, M -- Razzaque, S -- Reimer, A -- Reimer, O -- Reposeur, T -- Ritz, S -- Rochester, L S -- Rodriguez, A Y -- Romani, R W -- Roth, M -- Ryde, F -- Sadrozinski, H F-W -- Sambruna, R -- Sanchez, D -- Sander, A -- Saz Parkinson, P M -- Scargle, J D -- Sgro, C -- Siskind, E J -- Smith, D A -- Smith, P D -- Spandre, G -- Spinelli, P -- Starck, J-L -- Stawarz, L -- Strickman, M S -- Suson, D J -- Tajima, H -- Takahashi, H -- Takahashi, T -- Tanaka, T -- Thayer, J B -- Thayer, J G -- Thompson, D J -- Tibaldo, L -- Torres, D F -- Tosti, G -- Tramacere, A -- Uchiyama, Y -- Usher, T L -- Vasileiou, V -- Vilchez, N -- Vitale, V -- Waite, A P -- Wallace, E -- Wang, P -- Winer, B L -- Wood, K S -- Ylinen, T -- Ziegler, M -- Hardcastle, M J -- Kazanas, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 May 7;328(5979):725-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1184656. Epub 2010 Apr 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20360067" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Novae are thermonuclear explosions on a white dwarf surface fueled by mass accreted from a companion star. Current physical models posit that shocked expanding gas from the nova shell can produce x-ray emission, but emission at higher energies has not been widely expected. Here, we report the Fermi Large Area Telescope detection of variable gamma-ray emission (0.1 to 10 billion electron volts) from the recently detected optical nova of the symbiotic star V407 Cygni. We propose that the material of the nova shell interacts with the dense ambient medium of the red giant primary and that particles can be accelerated effectively to produce pi(0) decay gamma-rays from proton-proton interactions. Emission involving inverse Compton scattering of the red giant radiation is also considered and is not ruled out.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fermi-LAT Collaboration -- Abdo, A A -- Ackermann, M -- Ajello, M -- Atwood, W B -- Baldini, L -- Ballet, J -- Barbiellini, G -- Bastieri, D -- Bechtol, K -- Bellazzini, R -- Berenji, B -- Blandford, R D -- Bloom, E D -- Bonamente, E -- Borgland, A W -- Bouvier, A -- Brandt, T J -- Bregeon, J -- Brez, A -- Brigida, M -- Bruel, P -- Buehler, R -- Burnett, T H -- Buson, S -- Caliandro, G A -- Cameron, R A -- Caraveo, P A -- Carrigan, S -- Casandjian, J M -- Cecchi, C -- Celik, O -- Charles, E -- Chaty, S -- Chekhtman, A -- Cheung, C C -- Chiang, J -- Ciprini, S -- Claus, R -- Cohen-Tanugi, J -- Conrad, J -- Corbel, S -- Corbet, R -- DeCesar, M E -- den Hartog, P R -- Dermer, C D -- de Palma, F -- Digel, S W -- Donato, D -- do Couto e Silva, E -- Drell, P S -- Dubois, R -- Dubus, G -- Dumora, D -- Favuzzi, C -- Fegan, S J -- Ferrara, E C -- Fortin, P -- Frailis, M -- Fuhrmann, L -- Fukazawa, Y -- Funk, S -- Fusco, P -- Gargano, F -- Gasparrini, D -- Gehrels, N -- Germani, S -- Giglietto, N -- Giordano, F -- Giroletti, M -- Glanzman, T -- Godfrey, G -- Grenier, I A -- Grondin, M-H -- Grove, J E -- Guiriec, S -- Hadasch, D -- Harding, A K -- Hayashida, M -- Hays, E -- Healey, S E -- Hill, A B -- Horan, D -- Hughes, R E -- Itoh, R -- Jean, P -- Johannesson, G -- Johnson, A S -- Johnson, R P -- Johnson, T J -- Johnson, W N -- Kamae, T -- Katagiri, H -- Kataoka, J -- Kerr, M -- Knodlseder, J -- Koerding, E -- Kuss, M -- Lande, J -- Latronico, L -- Lee, S-H -- Lemoine-Goumard, M -- Garde, M Llena -- Longo, F -- Loparco, F -- Lott, B -- Lovellette, M N -- Lubrano, P -- Makeev, A -- Mazziotta, M N -- McConville, W -- McEnery, J E -- Mehault, J -- Michelson, P F -- Mizuno, T -- Moiseev, A A -- Monte, C -- Monzani, M E -- Morselli, A -- Moskalenko, I V -- Murgia, S -- Nakamori, T -- Naumann-Godo, M -- Nestoras, I -- Nolan, P L -- Norris, J P -- Nuss, E -- Ohno, M -- Ohsugi, T -- Okumura, A -- Omodei, N -- Orlando, E -- Ormes, J F -- Ozaki, M -- Paneque, D -- Panetta, J H -- Parent, D -- Pelassa, V -- Pepe, M -- Pesce-Rollins, M -- Piron, F -- Porter, T A -- Raino, S -- Rando, R -- Ray, P S -- Razzano, M -- Razzaque, S -- Rea, N -- Reimer, A -- Reimer, O -- Reposeur, T -- Ripken, J -- Ritz, S -- Romani, R W -- Roth, M -- Sadrozinski, H F-W -- Sander, A -- Parkinson, P M Saz -- Scargle, J D -- Schinzel, F K -- Sgro, C -- Shaw, M S -- Siskind, E J -- Smith, D A -- Smith, P D -- Sokolovsky, K V -- Spandre, G -- Spinelli, P -- Stawarz, L -- Strickman, M S -- Suson, D J -- Takahashi, H -- Takahashi, T -- Tanaka, T -- Tanaka, Y -- Thayer, J B -- Thayer, J G -- Thompson, D J -- Tibaldo, L -- Torres, D F -- Tosti, G -- Tramacere, A -- Uchiyama, Y -- Usher, T L -- Vandenbroucke, J -- Vasileiou, V -- Vilchez, N -- Vitale, V -- Waite, A P -- Wallace, E -- Wang, P -- Winer, B L -- Wolff, M T -- Wood, K S -- Yang, Z -- Ylinen, T -- Ziegler, M -- Maehara, H -- Nishiyama, K -- Kabashima, F -- Bach, U -- Bower, G C -- Falcone, A -- Forster, J R -- Henden, A -- Kawabata, K S -- Koubsky, P -- Mukai, K -- Nelson, T -- Oates, S R -- Sakimoto, K -- Sasada, M -- Shenavrin, V I -- Shore, S N -- Skinner, G K -- Sokoloski, J -- Stroh, M -- Tatarnikov, A M -- Uemura, M -- Wahlgren, G M -- Yamanaka, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Aug 13;329(5993):817-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1192537.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20705855" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Recent observations of supernova remnants (SNRs) hint that they accelerate cosmic rays to energies close to ~10(15) electron volts. However, the nature of the particles that produce the emission remains ambiguous. We report observations of SNR W44 with the Fermi Large Area Telescope at energies between 2 x 10(8) electron volts and 3 x10(11) electron volts. The detection of a source with a morphology corresponding to the SNR shell implies that the emission is produced by particles accelerated there. The gamma-ray spectrum is well modeled with emission from protons and nuclei. Its steepening above approximately 10(9) electron volts provides a probe with which to study how particle acceleration responds to environmental effects such as shock propagation in dense clouds and how accelerated particles are released into interstellar space.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abdo, A A -- Ackermann, M -- Ajello, M -- Baldini, L -- Ballet, J -- Barbiellini, G -- Baring, M G -- Bastieri, D -- Baughman, B M -- Bechtol, K -- Bellazzini, R -- Berenji, B -- Blandford, R D -- Bloom, E D -- Bonamente, E -- Borgland, A W -- Bregeon, J -- Brez, A -- Brigida, M -- Bruel, P -- Burnett, T H -- Buson, S -- Caliandro, G A -- Cameron, R A -- Caraveo, P A -- Casandjian, J M -- Cecchi, C -- Celik, O -- Chekhtman, A -- Cheung, C C -- Chiang, J -- Ciprini, S -- Claus, R -- Cognard, I -- Cohen-Tanugi, J -- Cominsky, L R -- Conrad, J -- Cutini, S -- Dermer, C D -- de Angelis, A -- de Palma, F -- Digel, S W -- do Couto e Silva, E -- Drell, P S -- Dubois, R -- Dumora, D -- Espinoza, C -- Farnier, C -- Favuzzi, C -- Fegan, S J -- Focke, W B -- Fortin, P -- Frailis, M -- Fukazawa, Y -- Funk, S -- Fusco, P -- Gargano, F -- Gasparrini, D -- Gehrels, N -- Germani, S -- Giavitto, G -- Giebels, B -- Giglietto, N -- Giordano, F -- Glanzman, T -- Godfrey, G -- Grenier, I A -- Grondin, M-H -- Grove, J E -- Guillemot, L -- Guiriec, S -- Hanabata, Y -- Harding, A K -- Hayashida, M -- Hays, E -- Hughes, R E -- Jackson, M S -- Johannesson, G -- Johnson, A S -- Johnson, T J -- Johnson, W N -- Kamae, T -- Katagiri, H -- Kataoka, J -- Katsuta, J -- Kawai, N -- Kerr, M -- Knodlseder, J -- Kocian, M L -- Kramer, M -- Kuss, M -- Lande, J -- Latronico, L -- Lemoine-Goumard, M -- Longo, F -- Loparco, F -- Lott, B -- Lovellette, M N -- Lubrano, P -- Lyne, A G -- Madejski, G M -- Makeev, A -- Mazziotta, M N -- McEnery, J E -- Meurer, C -- Michelson, P F -- Mitthumsiri, W -- Mizuno, T -- Monte, C -- Monzani, M E -- Morselli, A -- Moskalenko, I V -- Murgia, S -- Nakamori, T -- Nolan, P L -- Norris, J P -- Noutsos, A -- Nuss, E -- Ohsugi, T -- Omodei, N -- Orlando, E -- Ormes, J F -- Paneque, D -- Parent, D -- Pelassa, V -- Pepe, M -- Pesce-Rollins, M -- Piron, F -- Porter, T A -- Raino, S -- Rando, R -- Razzano, M -- Reimer, A -- Reimer, O -- Reposeur, T -- Rochester, L S -- Rodriguez, A Y -- Romani, R W -- Roth, M -- Ryde, F -- Sadrozinski, H F-W -- Sanchez, D -- Sander, A -- Saz Parkinson, P M -- Scargle, J D -- Sgro, C -- Siskind, E J -- Smith, D A -- Smith, P D -- Spandre, G -- Spinelli, P -- Stappers, B W -- Stecker, F W -- Strickman, M S -- Suson, D J -- Tajima, H -- Takahashi, H -- Takahashi, T -- Tanaka, T -- Thayer, J B -- Thayer, J G -- Theureau, G -- Thompson, D J -- Tibaldo, L -- Tibolla, O -- Torres, D F -- Tosti, G -- Tramacere, A -- Uchiyama, Y -- Usher, T L -- Vasileiou, V -- Venter, C -- Vilchez, N -- Vitale, V -- Waite, A P -- Wang, P -- Winer, B L -- Wood, K S -- Yamazaki, R -- Ylinen, T -- Ziegler, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Feb 26;327(5969):1103-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1182787. Epub 2010 Jan 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20056857" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉