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  • 1
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    Stratigraphy, Evolution, and Controls of A Holocene Transgressive-Regressive Barrier Island Under Changing Sea Level: Danish North Sea Coast (2015)
    Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-06
    Description: :  This study provides a detailed reconstruction of the formation of a wave-dominated barrier island and assesses the sedimentological and morphological effects of sea-level changes on barrier evolution. Sedimentological and stratigraphic characteristics of the Holocene deposits are resolved by percussion cores and an extensive ground-penetrating-radar survey. A high-resolution chronology of the cored barrier island deposits is constructed by optically stimulated luminescence dating. This approach facilitates a high spatio-temporal resolution of the island’s morphological and depositional evolution. The results show that the barrier island experienced multiple phases of transgressions and regressions during the mid- and late Holocene and that these changes were driven primarily by changes in rates of sea-level rise, sediment supply and the impact of storms. Due to the postglacial sea-level rise, the seaward part of the study area was transgressed by the retreating mainland shoreline, forming a back-barrier basin. At the time of the initial transgression, sea level was rising by more than 4.0 mm yr –1 . As sea-level rise decreased to less than 2 mm yr –1 the back-barrier basin rapidly started to fill with sediments before being transgressed by the still retreating open-ocean shoreline. These events were associated with periods of very rapid landward displacement of up to 10 m yr –1 of the mainland shoreline. After stabilization of the barrier island in its most eastward (i.e., landward) location, the open-ocean shoreline prograded about 3 km seaward at a rate of 〉 3 m yr –1 through the deposition of a 7-m-thick sandy beach and shoreface succession. The progradation occurred despite a sea-level rise of about 1.8 mm yr –1 . After the regressive period the barrier island once again became transgressive before shifting back to its current regressive stage. The study shows how comparable rates of sea-level rise can result in very different morphological responses for a single barrier island since sediment supply apparently has varied significantly through time. It also appears that a transgressive situation is reached for this particular barrier island for a sea-level rise higher than about 2 mm yr –1 . This gives reason for concern since a number of sea-level change scenarios indicate that such a rate will be reached within a few decades.
    Print ISSN: 1527-1404
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM)
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  • 2
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    Architecture of an Upper Jurassic barrier island sandstone reservoir, Danish Central Graben: implications of a Holocene-Recent analogue from the Wadden Sea (2010)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-01-01
    Electronic ISSN: 2047-9921
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Complex Aluminum Hydrides Containing Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Arsenic (1963)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Inorganic chemistry 2 (1963), S. 504-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-510X
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic50007a019
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Purification and properties of yeast amylo-1,6-glucosidase-oligo-1,4 .far. 1,4-glucantransferase (1970)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 9 (1970), S. 2347-2355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00813a019
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Raman Spectrum and Molecular Vibrations of Nitric and Deuteronitric Acids (1943)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 65 (1943), S. 654-660 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01244a045
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molal Volumes of Solutes. VII. Sodium Acetate and Acetic Acid (1942)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 64 (1942), S. 761-762 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01256a007
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analgesic efficacy of immediate and sustained release paracetamol and plasma concentration of paracetamol. Double blind, placebo-controlled evaluation using painful laser stimulation (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 42 (1992), S. 261-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Paracetamol ; Analgesia ; plasma concentration ; sustained release ; dose-effect relation ; laser induced pain ; adverse effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The analgesic efficacy of single doses of immediate release paracetamol 500 mg and 1000 mg, sustained release paracetamol 2000 mg, and placebo was evaluated over a 12 h period in 10 healthy volunteers. The efficacy was related to the concurrent plasma concentrations of paracetamol. Experimental pain was induced by brief cutaneous application of argon laser pulses, and the analgesic effect was assessed as change in pricking pain threshold. Both 0.5 g and 1.0 g immediate release paracetamol had an analgesic effect superior to that of placebo from 1 to 5 h after administration. Peak analgesia was reached after 2 h. No difference was found in the analgesic effect of the two dosages. Sustained release paracetamol was not significantly superior to placebo at any time. The plasma concentration of paracetamol had peaked in the 1 h sample after of the immediate release tablet. The peak plasma concentration was reached 3–4 h after 2.0 g sustained release paracetamol. It is not known why the sustained release formulation did not produce any detectable analgesia. It is proposed, that the rate of increase in the plasma concentration of paracetamol might be important in the alleviation of acute (laser-induced) pain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266345
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Double-blind, placebo controlled comparison of paracetamol and paracetamol plus codeine — a quantitative evaluation by laser induced pain (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 40 (1991), S. 241-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Paracetamol codeine ; Experimental pain ; laser ; evoked potential ; threshold ; hypoalgesia ; adverse effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of the present double-blind, placebo controlled, three-way cross over study was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of single oral doses of paracetamol 1.0 g and paracetamol 1.0 g plus codeine 60 mg. Pain threshold and brain evoked potentials to laser stimulation were determined hourly for 6 h in 12 healthy volunteers. Pain threshold was significantly elevated compared to placebo 1 and 2 h after paracetamol ingestion. Paracetamol 1.0 g plus codeine 60 mg was superior to placebo 1 to 6 h after medication. Only at 1 and 2 h after ingestion the combined drug was better than paracetamol. The evoked potentials were significantly depressed compared to placebo 2 and 4 h after paracetamol. The combination of paracetamol and codeine was superior to placebo 1 to 6 h after ingestion. The potentials showed no difference between the two active drugs. The total analgesic effect (approximation of area under the time-efficacy curve), showed that the combined drug was superior to plain paracetamol. A higher incidence of adverse effects in 10 of the 12 subjects was observed after ingestion of the combined drug compared to plain paracetamol (1 of 12). Paracetamol appears to exert part of its action by a cental effect. There was at least 1 h between the peak plasma concentration of paracetamol and the peak hypoalgesia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315203
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of quinidine on the analgesic effect of codeine (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 42 (1992), S. 587-591 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Codeine ; Quinidine ; CYP2D6 ; hypolagesia ; drug interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied the hypoalgesic effect of codeine (100 mg) after blocking the hepatic O-demethylation of codeine to morphine via the sparteine oxygenase (CYP2D6) by quinidine (200 mg). The study was performed in 16 extensive metabolizers of sparteine, using a double-blind, randomized, four-way, cross-over design. The treatments given at 3 h intervals during the four sessions were placebo/placebo, quinidine/placebo, placebo/codeine, and quinidine/codeine. We measured pin-prick pain and pain tolerance thresholds to high energy argon laser stimuli before and 1, 2, and 3 h after codeine or placebo. After codeine and placebo, the peak plasma concentration of morphine was 6–62 (median 18) nmol·.l−1. When quinidine pre-treatment was given, no morphine could be detected (〈4 nmol·l−1) after codeine. The pin-prick pain thresholds were significantly increased after placebo/codeine, but not after quinidine/codeine compared with placebo/placebo. Both placebo/codeine and quinidine/codeine increased pain tolerance thresholds significantly. Quinidine/codeine and quinidine/placebo did not differ significantly for either pin-prick or tolerance pain thresholds. These results are compatible with local CYP2D6 mediated formation of morphine in the brain, not being blocked by quinidine. Alternatively, a hypoalgesic effect of quinidine might have confounded the results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265920
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Codeine and morphine in extensive and poor metabolizers of sparteine: pharmacokinetics, analgesic effect and side effects (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 51 (1996), S. 289-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words CYP2D6 ; Codeine ; Morphine; pharmacokinetics ; analgesic effect ; adverse effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Codeine O-demethylation to morphine is catalysed by the genetic polymorphic sparteine oxygenase (CYP2D6). The objective of the present study was to assess the analgesic effect of codeine on different types of experimental pain in relation to sparteine phenotype. Methods: Fourteen extensive (EMs) and 14 poor metabolizers (PMs) of sparteine completed a randomized, double-blind, three-way, cross-over study with a single oral dose of codeine (75 or 100 mg) against morphine (20 or 30 mg) and placebo. Pain tests performed before and 1, 2, 3, and 4 h after medication included the cold pressor test and pain thresholds for heat and pressure stimulation. Adverse effects were rated by a structured interview. Results: After morphine, morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide were present in equal amounts in plasma of PMs and EMs. After codeine, neither morphine nor morphine-6-glucuronide could be detected in 13 of the 14 PMs, whereas at least one of the compounds could be detected in all EMs. Peak pain and discomfort rated on a VAS scale during the cold pressor test were significantly reduced by morphine in both EMs and PMs, with a median peak change of 8.5 and 7.0 mm, respectively, for peak pain, and 11.5 and 15.5 mm, respectively, for discomfort. Codeine only reduced these pain measures significantly in EMs, with a median peak change of 5.5 mm for peak pain and 10.5 mm for discomfort. Pain detection and tolerance thresholds to heat and pressure were not consistently altered by either morphine or codeine. In PMs, adverse effects were significantly more pronounced on morphine than on codeine and only showed a slight difference between codeine and placebo. In EMs, there was no difference between codeine and morphine and more pronounced adverse effects on both drugs as compared to placebo. Conclusions: This study confirms that codeine O-demethylation depends on CYP2D6; it shows that the 6-glucuronidation of morphine is independent of CYP2D6; it supports the theory that the analgesic effect of codeine depends on its O-demethylation; and it indicates that this is probably also the case for the adverse effects. The resuls lend no support to the suggestion of a non-opioid analgesic effect of codeine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050200
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