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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactive effects of salinity, temperature and chronic exposure to oil on the survival and developmental rate of embryos of the estuarine killifishFundulus heteroclitus (1979)
    Springer
    Marine biology 51 (1979), S. 101-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The combined effect of salinity, temperature and chronic exposure to water-soluble fractions (WSF) of a No. 2 fuel oil on the survival and development rate of embryos ofFundulus heteroclitus Walbaum are described. The embryos were exposed at 3 salinities (10, 20, 30‰ S) and 3 temperatures (20°, 25°, 30°C) to 3 different oil concentrations (15, 20, 25% WSF, equivalent to approx 0.28, 0.38 and 0.47 ppm total naphthalenes) and to one control without oil. The results were analyzed by responsesurface methodology. The lowest oil concentration was only mildly toxic to embryos under optimal salinity/temperature conditions, while the highest was extremely toxic in all factor combinations. Under optimal conditions, only the highest oil concentration resulted in more than 50% mortality. Under suboptimal conditions, especially high and low temperatures, all 3 oil concentrations caused greater than 50% mortality. The interactive effect of salinity and temperature on survival was greatest at the lowest oil concentration. Temperature had a marked effect and salinity only a slight effect on the developmental rate of the embryos. Exposure to the low oil concentration tended to increase the temperature sensitivity of developmental duration slightly. Generally, exposure to oil decreased the time interval between fertilization and hatching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00555189
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Individual effects and interactions of salinity, temperature, and zinc on larval development of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio. I. Survival and developmental duration through metamorphosis (1979)
    Springer
    Marine biology 52 (1979), S. 177-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the estuarine grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio (Holthuis) were reared from hatch through successful completion of metamorphosis in 80 combinations of salinity (3 to 31%), temperature (20° to 35°C), and zinc (0.00 to 1.00 ppm Zn++). Response-surface methodology was employed to depict the individual effects and interactions of the three factors on survival and developmental duration through total larval development. Outside the optimal salinity-temperature conditions of 17 to 27‰ S and 20° to 27°C, viability of larvae was reduced by both the individual effects of salinity and temperature and interactions between the two factors. Survival capacity of larvae and resistance adaptations to salinity and temperature were progresively reduced by zinc concentrations from 0.25 to 1.00 ppm Zn++. Response-surface analysis of the data suggested that the duration of total larval development of P. pugio was least at salinities from 18 to 23‰ and at temperatures from 30° to 32°C. At both higher and lower salinity-temperature conditions and in increasing zinc concentrations from 0.25 to 1.00 ppm Zn++, developmental rates were retarded. A significant zinc-temperature interaction existed, whereby increasing zinc concentrations reduced both survival and developmental rates of larvae more at suboptimal temperatures. Larval resistance to zinc toxicity was least at supraoptimal salinities, indicative of a significant zinc-salinity interaction. The reduced viability, restricted euryplasticity, and retarded developmental rates of P. pugio larvae developing in media with low-level zinc contamination would limit the distributive properties of the pelagic phase in the life cycle of the species and reduce recruitment both into and out of the parent estuarine population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00390426
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accumulation and release of petroleum-derived aromatic hydrocarbons by four species of marine animals (1976)
    Springer
    Marine biology 38 (1976), S. 279-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When exposed to oil-contaminated seawater, marine animals accumulate a wide variety of petroleum hydrocarbons in their tissues. Generally, the aromatic hydrocarbons are accumulated to a greater extent and are retained longer than the alkanes. In all species tested, accumulation of aromatic hydrocarbons appears to be dependent primarily on a partitioning of the hydrocarbons between the exposure water and the tissue lipids. Current evidence indicates that binding of hydrocarbons to tissue lipids is by hydrophobic interactions and not by covalent bonding. Bioaccumulation factors (tissue: water concentration ratio) increase in proportion to the increase in molecular weight of the aromatic hydrocarbons. When returned to oil-free seawater, marine animals rapidly release the accumulated hydrocarbons from their tissues. Release rates are species-dependent. Shrimp and fish, which can metabolize aromatic hydrocarbon, release them more rapidly than clams and oysters, which apparently lack the detoxifying enzymes. Release of hydrocarbons to background or undetectable levels requires from 2 to 60 days. The high molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons are released more slowly than the low molecular weight hydrocarbons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00388940
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A long-term study of the effects of water-soluble fractions of No. 2 fuel oil on the survival, development rate, and growth of the mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii (1978)
    Springer
    Marine biology 47 (1978), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mud crabs, Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould), were exposed continuously for 6 months after hatching to water-soluble fractions (WSF) of No. 2 fuel oil. Survival, growth and development rate were monitored during this time. The zoeal stages were the most sensitive to fuel oil. A 20% WSF (0.36 ppm total naphthalenes, 1.26 ppm total hydrocarbons) was acutely toxic to these stages. Of the zoeal stages, the first stage appeared to be the most sensitive. The combined duration of the 4 zoeal stages was significantly increased by increasing WSF exposure concentrations. The megalopa and crab stages were not particularly sensitive to continued petroleum hydrocarbon exposure, particularly when compared to zoeal stages. However, mean duration of the megalopa and first crab stages was significantly affected by oil exposure. Individuals which survived the highest exposure concentrations as larvae appeared to grow larger during the crab stages, so that at the end of 6 months comparably staged crabs were equal to or larger than both control crabs and those exposed to low WSF concentrations. Stage distributions at the end of 6 months showed no differences due to WSF exposure. Sex ratios, which could be determined at the end of 6 months, were approximately 1, indicating no sex-related differential sensitivity to WSF exposure, at least as larvae or juveniles. The data indicate that these crabs possess considerable ability to recover from the effects of chronic sublethal exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons. The most deleterious effects of oil pollution on this species may be due to its impact on larval recruitment into the adult population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397022
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactive effects of salinity, temperature and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the survival and development rate of larvae of the mud crabRhithropanopeus harrisii (1979)
    Springer
    Marine biology 53 (1979), S. 281-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Zoeae of the mud crabRhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould) were exposed continuously throughout larval development to factorial combinations of salinity, temperature and specific aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations. Salinities and temperatures were 5, 15, or 25‰ and 20°, 25°, or 30°C, respectively. Either phenanthrene or naphthalene was tested separately at respective concentrations of 0, 100, 150 or 200 ppb and 0, 125, 250 or 500 ppb. Phenanthrene was much more toxic than naphthalene. Naphthalene was not acutely toxic at any physical factor combination-naphthalene concentration tested. Both compounds caused the highest mortality at low salinities. The time course of mortality due to phenanthrene exposure showed that ecdysis between the first and second zoeal stage was the most sensitive period for the larvae exposed to aqueous hydrocarbons. Phenanthrene-exposed larvae had a decreased development rate, but the naphthalene-exposed larvae developed faster than the controls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00952437
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biochemical responses of the striped mullet Mugil cephalus to oil exposure I. Acute responses—Interrenal activations and secondary stress responses (1980)
    Springer
    Marine biology 59 (1980), S. 141-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Acute single exposures to the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of a No. 2 fuel oil influences several biochemical parameters in juveniles of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus. Plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations were measured at 1 and 3 h after exposure to 1, 5, 10 or 20% WSF. No elevation of plasma cortisol or glucose levels occurred in fish exposed to the lowest concentration of oil, whereas a dose-response relationship was observed at higher doses. The dynamics of plasma corticosteroid, glucose and cholesterol concentrations and osmolality as well as accumulation of naphthalenes in the fish tissues were monitored during exposure to 20% WSF. Circulating cortisol concentrations rose rapidly to 5 times normal values 1h after exposure to oil and subsequently declined to control levels 6 h after oil addition. A smaller secondary rise occurred at 12 h, but cortisol had returned to basal levels 12 h later. In contrast, plasma glucose, cholesterol and osmolality rose more slowly to reach maximum values between 3 and 4 h after oil addition. By 24 h plasma cholesterol and osmolality had returned to normal values whereas the hyperglycemia persisted. However, 72 h after the addition of WSF all biochemical parameters had returned to control levels. At this time considerable accumulation of total naphthalenes had occurred in several fish tissues, whilst the concentration of total naphthalenes in the exposure tanks had declined to background levels. When freshly prepared 20% WSF was added to the exposure tanks during this period, all biochemical parameters were again elevated. The results suggest that the volatile components of fuel oil in the water trigger the biochemical changes described in a dosedependent manner. The possible ecological significance of these changes and the potential use of these parameters as sublethal indicators of environmental contamination are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00396861
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characteristics of dispersions and water-soluble extracts of crude and refined oils and their toxicity to estuarine crustaceans and fish (1974)
    Springer
    Marine biology 27 (1974), S. 75-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The quantitative hydrocarbon composition and behavior in seawater of water-soluble fractions (WSF) and oil-in-water dispersions (OWD) of 4 oils was investigated. Two crude oils, South Louisiana crude and Kuwait crude, and two refined oils, No. 2 fuel oil and bunker C residual oil, were used in these investigations. The WSFs of the crude oils had higher total oil-hydrocarbon concentrations and were richer in light aliphatics and single-ring aromatics than were the WSFs of the refined oils. The WSFs of the refined oils contained significantly higher concentrations of naphthalenes than did those of the crudes. The hydrocarbon composition of the aqueous phase of OWDs closely resembled that of the parent oils. Gentle aeration of the OWDs resulted in a loss of 80 to 90% of the aqueous hydrocarbons in 24 h. Alkanes disappeared from the dispersions more rapidly than aromatics. The WSFs and OWDs of the refined oils were considerably more toxic to the 6 test species than were those of the crude oils. The test species can be ranked according to increasing sensitivity to oil as follows: Cyprinodon variegatus, Menidia beryllina, Fundulus similus, Penaeus aztecus postlarvae, Palaemonetes pugio and Mysidopsis almyra. The results of this investigation are discussed in relation to the potential impacts of oil spills on the marine and estuarine environments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00394763
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of three different doses of urapidil infused in hypertensive patients (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 30 (1986), S. 549-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: urapidil ; pharmacodynamics ; pharmacokinetics ; hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The study was designed to follow the haemodynamic effects and pharmacokinetics under steady-state conditions of three different doses of urapidil infused continuously. Nine male hypertensive patients received three randomly assigned intravenous infusions of 32.5, 65 and 130 mg urapidil, over 14 h during 6 consecutive days, in a change-over fashion. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured over a period of 28 h after the infusion began and were compared with a reference profile obtained prior to the treatment periods. Urapidil and its main metabolite, parahydroxylated urapidil, were also determined for 28 h after the infusion began using HPLC. The 32.5 mg dose of urapidil caused a maximum decrease in systolic blood pressure of 33±8 mmHg, the 65 mg dose a maximum decrease of 39±12 mmHg and the 130 mg dose a maximum decrease of 50±12 mmHg. The 32.5 and 65 mg doses resulted in similar serum urapidil concentrations, with maximum levels in the 100 to 200 ng/ml range, and the 130 mg dose caused a maximum level approximately four times that achieved with the 32.5 mg dose. The serum concentration of parahydroxy urapidil was proportional to the corresponding dose of urapidil. Four patients reported mild headache, fatigue, weakness, pressure in the head, perspiration and orthostatic dysregulation. The side-effects were probably drug related but required no specific therapy. In summary, the 32.5 mg dose of urapidil resulted in a pronounced decrease in blood pressure. The average pressure reduction over the 14-h infusion period showed further dose-dependent increases after the 65 and 130 mg doses. In severe hypertension, the 130 mg dose can be employed, since it does result in a further, significantly larger decrease in blood pressure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542413
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of some environmental variables on the ascorbic acid status of mullet, Mugil cephalus L., tissues (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 27 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The seasonal fluctuations in the ascorbic acid (AsA) and ascorbic acid 2-sulphate (AsA 2-sulphate) content of mullet, Mugil cephalus, tissues were examined. Ascorbic acid concentrations in brain, gill and hepatic tissues showed seasonal changes, but the pattern of AsA fluctuations in each tissue differed. The AsA content of mullet brains decreased during the summer, whereas hepatic AsA concentrations increased during this period and were maximal by the end of June. Hepatic AsA reserves declined after environmental water temperatures dropped below 18°C and reached a minimum (20 μg g−1) by the end of January. Greatest fluctuations in AsA content occurred in gill tissues, which had a four-fold range of tissue concentrations. There were also seasonal changes in the AsA 2-sulphate content of brain and hepatic tissues. These differences among mullet tissues in the seasonal patterns of AsA content may be due to diverse effects of environmental variables on tissue AsA reserves. The ability of hepatic and renal tissues of mullet and several other teleost species to synthesize AsA was also investigated. L-gulonolactone oxidase activity was detected in all the species examined, but in all cases the biosynthetic capacity was less than a seventh that in goldfish, Carassius auratus, livers. Mullet appear to have only a limited capacity to synthesize AsA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1985.tb04008.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ascorbic acid status of mullet, Mugil cephalus Linn., exposed to cadmium (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 20 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effects of acute and chronic cadmium exposures on ascorbic acid concentrations and cadmium accumulation in the tissues of juvenile mullet, Mugil cephalus, are described. Hepatic ascorbic acid reserves were maintained in untreated mullet fed a diet containing ascorbate, but decreased 60% in individuals exposed to 10 mg Cd 1-1 for six weeks. Ascorbic acid depletion was accompanied by a massive accumulation of cadmium in the liver. Similar changes were found in gill tissue. In contrast, ascorbic acid concentrations were largely unaffected in kidney tissue which had a limited capacity to accumulate the metal. There were marked fluctuations of ascorbic acid levels in the brain. Only small amounts of cadmium were accumulated by this tissue. These results indicate that in mullet liver, gill and brain ascorbic acid stores may be depleted during chronic cadmium poisoning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1982.tb03919.x
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