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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 1 (1985), S. 293-309 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Réponse de l'arachide (Arachis hypogeaL.)à l'inculation de Rhizobiumdans les champs. Problèmes et perspectives. Pour être couronnée de succès, une souche deRhizobium inoculée doit supplanter les rhizobiums natifs du sol en ce qui concerne la formation de nodules et doit fixer l'azote efficacement. La persistance de la souche d'une saison à l'autre, rendant inutile la répétition saisonnière de l'inoculation, est un avantage supplémentaire. Des études antérieures ont montré que l'arachide (Arachis hypogea) ne répond que rarement à l'inoculation dans des sols contenant déjà des rhizobiums capables de noduler cette plante. Cependant, les résultats de sept années de recherches éffectuées à l'ICRISAT ont ouvert des possibilités quant à l'inoculation dans ce type de sols. Ces expériences montrent qu'une bouillie liquide d'une souche efficace deRhizobium (NC 92), répandue en quantité suffisante sous les graines, augmente le rendement de certains cultivars d'arachide. Des résultats similaires ont été rapportés par d'autres centres de recherches en Inde. L'inoculation de NC 92 pendant deux saisons consécutives a augmenté la proportion des nodules formés par cette souche de 25 à 32% pour la première saison, et de 41 à 54% pour la seconde, ce qui indique que cette souche peut persister dans le sol d'une saison à l'autre. Dans cet article sont également discutés les résultats d'expériences concernant la spécificité de l'hôte et quelques problèmes concernant l'utilisation de ces informations par les agriculteurs. La souche NC 92 produit aussi un sidérophore, agent complexant du fer pouvant jouer un rôle dans le métabolisme de ce métal chez la plante.
    Abstract: Resumen Respuesta del maní (Arachis hypogaeaL.)a la inoculación con Rhizobiumen el campo. Problemas y perspectivas. La inoculación conRhizobium para tener exito debe de realizarse con una cepa que sea competitivamente mejor que las cepas nativas del suelo en cuestión, en relación a la habilidad para formar nódulos y a la eficacia en la fijación de nitrógeno. La persistencia de la cepa de una temporada para otra es una caracteristica deseable ya que elimina la necesidad de reinocular cada temporada. Estudios previos indicaban que el maní (Arachis hypogaeae) raras veces responde a la inoculación conRhizobium en suelos que ya contienenRhizobium especificos. Sin embargo los resultados de siete años de investigaciones en ICRISAT han abierto nuevas perspectivas para la inoculación del maní en dichos suelos. Esta experiencias indican que la inoculación, en cantidades suficientes de una cepa deRhizobium eficaz (NC 92) aplicada en forma de liquido viscoso bajo la semilla incrementa el rendimiento de ciertos cultivars de mani. Resultados semejantes se han observado en otros centros de investigación en India.La inoculación de la cepa NC 92 durante dos años consecutivos incrementó la proporción de nódulos formados desde 25–32% en la primera temporada hasta 41–54% en la segunda indicando pues la persistencia de dicha cepa en el suelo de una a otra temporada. Este trabajo también evalua los resultados de investigaciones relacionando la especificidad del inóculo con la posible problemática que conlleva la aplicación de esta informacion por el agricultor.
    Notes: Summary A successfulRhizobium inoculant strain needs to be more competitive than native soil rhizobia in forming nodules and to be effective in fixing nitrogen. Persistence of the strain from one season to the next will be an added advantage, since it eliminates the need to inoculate every season. Earlier studies indicated that groundnut,Arachis hypogaea, seldom responds toRhizobium inoculation in soils already containing rhizobia which nodulate groundnut. However, the results of seven years of research at ICRISAT have opened up the prospect of inoculating groundnut in such soils. These experiments indicate that inoculating with sufficient numbers of an effectiveRhizobium strain, NC 92, applied as a liquid slurry below the seed, increased yields of certain groundnut cultivars. Similar results were reported from other research centres in India. Inoculation with NC 92 for two consecutive seasons increased the proportion of nodules formed by this strain, from 25–32% in the first season to 41–54% in the second season, indicating that this strain can persist in the field for the following season. This paper also discusses results of experiments relating to host cultivar specificity and some possible problems in applying this information to farmers' fields. Strain NC 92 also produces a siderophore, an iron chelating compound, which may help in the iron nutrition of the plant.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: N2-fixation ; Arachis hypogaea ; 15N isotope dilution ; Groundnut ; Rhizobium inoculation ; Plant available soil N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen fixation in seven groundnut genotypes was measured by 15N-isotope dilution using a non-nodulating cultivar of groundnut as the nonfixing reference plant. Nitrogen fixation varied between 100 kg N ha−1 in genotype J-11 and 153 kg N ha−1 in Robut 33-1. The amount of plant-available soil N was small, so that 86%–92% of plant nitrogen was derived from N2-fixation. Thus differences in N2-fixation between genotypes closely reflected differences in their total N accumulation.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: N2 fixation ; Arachis hypogaea ; Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) ; Bradyrhizobium ; Groundnut
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Strains of Bradyrhizobium influenced root colonization by a species of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM), and species of VAM influenced root nodulation by strains of Bradyrhizobium in pot experiments. In a field experiment, the effects of VAM on competition amongst inoculated bradyrhizobia were less evident, but inoculation with Bradyrhizobium strains increased root colonization by VAM. Certain VAM/Bradyrhizobium inoculum strain combinations produced higher nodule numbers. Plants grown without Bradyrhizobium and VAM, but supplied with ammonium nitrate (300 μg ml−1) and potassium phosphate (16 μg ml−1), produced higher dry-matter yields than those inoculated with both symbionts in the pot experiment. Inoculation with either symbiont in the field did not result in higher pod and haulm yields at harvest.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: N2 fixation ; Natural 15N abundance ; N-difference method ; Atmosphere-derived N ; Non-nodulating genotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary N accumulation and natural 15N abundance in three legumes (groundnuts, cowpeas, and soybeans) and in two cereals (sorghum and maize) were investigated over two seasons in Alfisols with and without N fertilization. Using the N uptake and natural 15N abundance of non-nodulating plants as the indication of N derived from soil and fertilizer, the per cent N derived from atmospheric N2 was calculated for nodulated plants. In the first experiment, the groundnut genotype contained 85% atmosphere-derived N, but the percentage decreased with N application. Estimates of atmosphere-derived N by the N-difference and 15N-abundance techniques gave identical results. The percentages of atmosphere-derived N estimated by the two methods at different stages of groundnut growth were also similar. In the second experiment, atmosphere-derived N was estimated in plants grown with 0–200 kg ha-1 applied N. The estimated atmosphere-derived N ranged from 42% to 61% for groundnuts from 33% to 77% for cowpeas, and from 24% to 48% for soybeans, depending on the amount of N applied. Inoculation with a Bradyrhizobium strain increased the percentage of atmospherederived N in soybean plants grown without any fertilizer N. The natural 15N abundance of sorghum and maize was very close to that of the non-nodulating groundnut, suggesting that these cereals can be used as reference plants in the estimation of atmosphere-derived N by the natural 15N-abundance method.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 11 (1955), S. 482-483 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Urethan, Senfgas und Ribose-Nukleat-Natrium scheinen alle die Meiose der Heuschrecke auf eine interessante Art und Weise zu beeinflussen. In Anaphase I verursachen sie eine Abspaltung von zweiwertigen Einheiten, die, anstatt sich in einwertige Einheiten zu teilen, als Ganze nach den Polen wandern.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 42 (1976), S. 471-482 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An NADP+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase has been purified and characterized from Rhizobium meliloti. The enzyme showed Mn++ or Mg++ requirement. The apparent Km values were 2.00×10-5 m and 1.51×10-5 m for dl-isocitrate and NADP+, respectively. The enzyme was inhibited by ATP, to a lesser extent by ADP and AMP. α-Ketoglutarate also inhibited the enzyme activity. Oxalacetate and glyoxylate together inhibited the enzyme activity. The inhibition was competitive. Studies with thiol inhibitors suggested that the enzyme contained a sulfhydryl group at or near the active site. The enzyme has an approximate molecular weight of 60 000. Fluorescence studies suggested that the enzyme contained tryptophan
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Arachis hypogaea ; groundnut ; nonnodulation ; Rhizobium strains ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genetic studies of nonnodulation in groundnut were carried out in a cross, NC 17×PI 259747, with a single Rhizobium strain, NC 92, and a native Rhizobium population. The normal nodulation of the parents, F1 generations and backcross progenies, and the F2 segregation for nodulation and nonnodulation confirmed that nonnodulation in groundnut is controlled by two duplicate recessive genes.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 122 (1990), S. 83-88 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; Arachis hypogaea ; genotypes ; light ; light interception ; nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A range of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes, representing the cultivated botanical groups, were grown at ICRISAT Center, India. In 3 experiments, 3–8 genotypes were grown at various plant-population densities. In a fourth experiment, 27 genotypes were grown at a constant spacing. Acetylene reduction (AR) and fractional light interception (f) by these cultivars were measured at several stages of crop growth. Plant population (density), sample date and genotype influenced both the AR rate m-2 and the fraction of light intercepted; variables that were well correlated. In 3 experiments,ca. 90% of the statistical variation in AR rate m-2 was attributed to variations in f. In the remaining experiment, genotypic variance was 46% of the explained variance; one genotype (Gangapuri) had consistently low AR across the range of populations, however in the other experiments Gangapuri did not differ from other cultivars in AR/f, when sampled at earlier stages of development.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 121 (1990), S. 83-88 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; Arachis hypogaea ; genotypes ; light ; light interception ; nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A range of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes, representing the cultivated botanical groups, were grown at ICRISAT Center, India. In 3 experiments, 3–8 genotypes were grown at various plant-population densities. In a fourth experiment, 27 genotypes were grown at a constant spacing. Acetylene reduction (AR) and fractional light interception (f) by these cultivars were measured at several stages of crop growth. Plant population (density), sample date and genotype influenced both the AR rate m-2 and the fraction of light intercepted; variables that were well correlated. In 3 experiments, ca. 90% of the statistical variation in AR rate m-2 was attributed to variations in f. In the remaining experiment, genotypic variance was 46% of the explained variance; one genotype (Gangapuri) had consistently low AR across the range of populations, however in the other experiments Gangapuri did not differ from other cultivars in AR/f, when sampled at earlier stages of development.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 291-293 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: groundnut ; Arachis hypogaea L. ; nodulation ; nitrigen fixation ; fertilization ; nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Amounts of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, and Mn absorbed by a nodulating and a non-nodulating (Non-nod) peanut genotype at two nitrogen fertilizer levels (nil and 200 kg N ha−1) were determined in a field experiment. The amounts of nutrient elements in the plant parts were greatest for N, followed by K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Mn, and Zn in descending order. Although there were differences in the uptake of other nutrients, the major difference between Non-nod and nodulating genotypes was in nitrogen indicating the poor yield of the Non-nod line due to its inability to acquire N.
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