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  • 1
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    Slow adaptation in the face of rapid warming leads to collapse of the Gulf of Maine cod fishery (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-31
    Description: Several studies have documented fish populations changing in response to long-term warming. Over the past decade, sea surface temperatures in the Gulf of Maine increased faster than 99% of the global ocean. The warming, which was related to a northward shift in the Gulf Stream and to changes in the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation, led to reduced recruitment and increased mortality in the region's Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) stock. Failure to recognize the impact of warming on cod contributed to overfishing. Recovery of this fishery depends on sound management, but the size of the stock depends on future temperature conditions. The experience in the Gulf of Maine highlights the need to incorporate environmental factors into resource management.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pershing, Andrew J -- Alexander, Michael A -- Hernandez, Christina M -- Kerr, Lisa A -- Le Bris, Arnault -- Mills, Katherine E -- Nye, Janet A -- Record, Nicholas R -- Scannell, Hillary A -- Scott, James D -- Sherwood, Graham D -- Thomas, Andrew C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Nov 13;350(6262):809-12. doi: 10.1126/science.aac9819. Epub 2015 Oct 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Gulf of Maine Research Institute, 350 Commercial Street, Portland, ME 04101, USA. apershing@gmri.org. ; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305, USA. ; Gulf of Maine Research Institute, 350 Commercial Street, Portland, ME 04101, USA. ; School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. ; Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Drive, East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA. ; Gulf of Maine Research Institute, 350 Commercial Street, Portland, ME 04101, USA. School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA. ; NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305, USA. Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. ; School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26516197" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Fisheries ; Gadus morhua/*physiology ; *Global Warming ; Hot Temperature ; Maine ; Population Dynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Response to Comments on "Slow adaptation in the face of rapid warming leads to collapse of the Gulf of Maine cod fishery" (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-23
    Description: Palmer et al and Swain et al suggest that our "extra mortality" time series is spurious. In response, we show that including temperature-dependent mortality improves abundance estimates and that warming waters reduce growth rates in Gulf of Maine cod. Far from being spurious, temperature effects on this stock are clear, and continuing to ignore them puts the stock in jeopardy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pershing, Andrew J -- Alexander, Michael A -- Hernandez, Christina M -- Kerr, Lisa A -- Le Bris, Arnault -- Mills, Katherine E -- Nye, Janet A -- Record, Nicholas R -- Scannell, Hillary A -- Scott, James D -- Sherwood, Graham D -- Thomas, Andrew C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Apr 22;352(6284):423. doi: 10.1126/science.aae0463.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Gulf of Maine Research Institute, 350 Commercial Street, Portland, ME 04101, USA. apershing@gmri.org. ; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305, USA. ; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 86 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. ; Gulf of Maine Research Institute, 350 Commercial Street, Portland, ME 04101, USA. ; School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. ; Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Drive, East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA. ; University of Washington School of Oceanography, 1503 Northeast Boat Street, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. ; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305, USA. Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. ; School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, 5706 Aubert Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27102475" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Fisheries ; Gadus morhua/*physiology ; *Global Warming
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Persistence of Calanus finmarchicus in the western Gulf of Maine during recent extreme warming (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-23
    Description: The planktonic copepod, Calanus finmarchicus , resides at the southern edge of its subarctic range in the Gulf of Maine (GoM). Here we investigate the population response of C. finmarchicus to record warming in the GoM in 2012. Demographic data from two time series stations and a plankton survey conducted in early autumn 2012 show that C. finmarchicus did not produce an autumn generation as predicted, despite warm summer and overwintering temperatures. On the contrary, we observed high abundances of the overwintering stage CV in the western GoM and a new cohort in early spring 2013 likely originating from egg production during a winter phytoplankton bloom. This spring cohort was the most abundant ever recorded in the 8-year time series. To account for these observations, we hypothesize that production of females originating from the eastern GoM and Scotian Shelf, combined with growth of copepodid stages in the Maine Coastal Current and local egg production, are the primary sources of supply maintaining high abundances in Wilkinson Basin, the primary repository of C. finmarchicus in the western GoM. Predicting fluctuations in abundance or circumstances for disappearance of C. finmarchicus in the northwest Atlantic will need models that address the roles of local production and advection.
    Print ISSN: 0142-7873
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3774
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    The paradox of the "paradox of the plankton" (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: Record, N. R., Pershing, A. J., and Maps, F. 2014. The paradox of the "paradox of the plankton". – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 236–240. One of the central orienting questions in biodiversity theory and ecology is the "paradox of the plankton", which asks how it is possible for many species to coexist on limited resources given the tendency for competition to exclude species. Over the past five decades, ecologists have offered dozens of solutions to the paradox, invoking game theory, chaos, stochastics, and many other concepts. Despite the plentitude of solutions to the paradox, ecologists continue to offer up novel solutions. Ocean modellers are now faced with the opposite paradox: given the overabundance and the diversity of solutions to the paradox, what is the appropriate way to build coexistence into ecosystem models? Ocean ecosystem models have a very standardized form—nutrient–phytoplankton–zooplankton (NPZ)-type systems of differential equations—where competitive exclusion is a common model behaviour. We suggest approaching the problem from the perspective of community-level patterns. We offer a prototype for building coexistence into NPZ models. The model allows for diverse assemblages of phytoplankton or zooplankton groups to persist and produces accurate community-level patterns. The approach is simple, adding only one additional parameter, and allows us to test the effects of trait distributions and environmental variables on diversity.
    Print ISSN: 1054-3139
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9289
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    Plankton post-paradox (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: Record, N. R., Pershing, A. J. and Maps, F. 2014. Plankton post-paradox. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 296–298. Classical theoretical ecology has largely focused on the coexistence of populations at the species level, particularly since the coining of the "paradox of the plankton". The known mechanisms for coexistence, both mathematically and in nature, are myriad and diverse. Building on a dialogue in this journal (Cropp, R., and Norbury, J. 2014. Comment on "The paradox of the ‘paradox of the plankton’" by Record et al . ICES Journal of Marine Science; Record, N. R., Pershing, A. J., and Maps, F. 2014. The paradox of ‘the paradox of the plankton’. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 235–239.), we outline a perspective whereby approaching the problem from a different organizational level—namely the community level—can offer valuable simplifications and insights. We expand on a prototype model that demonstrates the potential of this approach.
    Print ISSN: 1054-3139
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9289
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 6
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    Modelling the timing and duration of dormancy in populations of Calanus finmarchicus from the Northwest Atlantic shelf (2011)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-13
    Description: Calanus finmarchicus relies on dormancy to thrive in the seasonal environment of the boreal Atlantic. The lipid accumulation window (LAW) hypothesis proposes that a seasonal window of environmental conditions allows developing individuals to store enough lipids for dormancy to be safely initiated. Successful dormancy requires a sufficient amount of lipids to fulfil the reduced metabolic demand of the dormant individual and to sustain the final maturation process. We used a pattern-oriented modelling approach that implements the LAW hypothesis and employs a genetic algorithm for parameter estimation, in order to reproduce the observed phenology and demography of C. finmarchicus populations from the two contrasting regions, the Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL) and the Gulf of Maine (GoM) in the northwest Atlantic shelf. In the GSL, the model reproduced the timing of dormancy, the abundance and individual condition of late copepodid stages. In the GoM, the model produced a semi-annual dormancy pattern, as no locally produced individual could last the 6–8 months of dormancy inferred from the available observations. Further testing requires extending demographic time series, including lipid condition of late copepodid stages in the GoM, and the implementation of a 3-D modelling framework that would explicitly address the complex interactions between circulation and population dynamics of C. finmarchicus over the entire northwest Atlantic shelf.
    Print ISSN: 0142-7873
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3774
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 7
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    Major role of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in dark ocean carbon fixation (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-11-24
    Description: Carbon fixation by chemoautotrophic microorganisms in the dark ocean has a major impact on global carbon cycling and ecological relationships in the ocean’s interior, but the relevant taxa and energy sources remain enigmatic. We show evidence that nitrite-oxidizing bacteria affiliated with the Nitrospinae phylum are important in dark ocean chemoautotrophy. Single-cell genomics and community metagenomics revealed that Nitrospinae are the most abundant and globally distributed nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in the ocean. Metaproteomics and metatranscriptomics analyses suggest that nitrite oxidation is the main pathway of energy production in Nitrospinae. Microautoradiography, linked with catalyzed reporter deposition fluorescence in situ hybridization, indicated that Nitrospinae fix 15 to 45% of inorganic carbon in the mesopelagic western North Atlantic. Nitrite oxidation may have a greater impact on the carbon cycle than previously assumed.
    Keywords: Microbiology, Oceanography
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    A metabolic approach to dormancy in pelagic copepods helps explaining inter- and intra-specific variability in life-history strategies (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-10
    Description: Dormancy (diapause) is a key life-history strategy of pelagic copepods that allows them to thrive in highly seasonal environments. Successful dormancy of copepodid stages requires the ability to store energy efficiently (for example as lipids) and to slow down the rate of mobilization of this capital during the dormant period. The physiology of lipids in copepods has been extensively reviewed; however, data about the energetics of dormancy are currently scattered throughout the literature. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis comparing the metabolism of active and dormant copepods in 15 species that undergo dormancy as copepodids. Linear mixed-effects models showed that the metabolic rate of dormant copepods is about one-fourth of the values for actively growing copepods, a level that remains consistent across a large range of body size or environmental conditions. Based on these metabolic rates, we used a numerical modelling approach to predict dormancy duration as a function of body mass and ambient temperature, and to explain the observed range of body masses at the initiation of dormancy. Our numerical approach also provides explanations for inter- and intra-specific variability in life-history strategies, such as which stages undergo dormancy and the prevalence of lipid-based reproduction in some copepod species.
    Print ISSN: 0142-7873
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3774
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 9
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    Modelling the timing and duration of dormancy in populations of Calanus finmarchicus from the Northwest Atlantic shelf (2011)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-08
    Print ISSN: 0142-7873
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3774
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 10
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    Biodiversity as a dynamic variable in the Gulf of Maine continuous plankton recorder transect (2010)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-04-28
    Print ISSN: 0142-7873
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3774
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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