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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2010-03-05
    Description: Innate immunity provides the first line of defence against invading pathogens and provides important cues for the development of adaptive immunity. Type-2 immunity-responsible for protective immune responses to helminth parasites and the underlying cause of the pathogenesis of allergic asthma-consists of responses dominated by the cardinal type-2 cytokines interleukin (IL)4, IL5 and IL13 (ref. 5). T cells are an important source of these cytokines in adaptive immune responses, but the innate cell sources remain to be comprehensively determined. Here, through the use of novel Il13-eGFP reporter mice, we present the identification and functional characterization of a new innate type-2 immune effector leukocyte that we have named the nuocyte. Nuocytes expand in vivo in response to the type-2-inducing cytokines IL25 and IL33, and represent the predominant early source of IL13 during helminth infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. In the combined absence of IL25 and IL33 signalling, nuocytes fail to expand, resulting in a severe defect in worm expulsion that is rescued by the adoptive transfer of in vitro cultured wild-type, but not IL13-deficient, nuocytes. Thus, nuocytes represent a critically important innate effector cell in type-2 immunity.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2862165/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2862165/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Neill, Daniel R -- Wong, See Heng -- Bellosi, Agustin -- Flynn, Robin J -- Daly, Maria -- Langford, Theresa K A -- Bucks, Christine -- Kane, Colleen M -- Fallon, Padraic G -- Pannell, Richard -- Jolin, Helen E -- McKenzie, Andrew N J -- MC_U105178805/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- U.1051.03.007(78805)/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2010 Apr 29;464(7293):1367-70. doi: 10.1038/nature08900. Epub 2010 Mar 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20200518" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adoptive Transfer ; Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Immunity, Innate/*immunology ; Interleukin-13/biosynthesis/deficiency/genetics ; Interleukin-17/deficiency/genetics ; Interleukins/biosynthesis/deficiency/genetics/*immunology ; Leukocytes/cytology/*immunology/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nippostrongylus/immunology ; Strongylida Infections/immunology ; Th2 Cells/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2012-11-30
    Description: Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a globally important crop, accounting for 20 per cent of the calories consumed by humans. Major efforts are underway worldwide to increase wheat production by extending genetic diversity and analysing key traits, and genomic resources can accelerate progress. But so far the very large size and polyploid complexity of the bread wheat genome have been substantial barriers to genome analysis. Here we report the sequencing of its large, 17-gigabase-pair, hexaploid genome using 454 pyrosequencing, and comparison of this with the sequences of diploid ancestral and progenitor genomes. We identified between 94,000 and 96,000 genes, and assigned two-thirds to the three component genomes (A, B and D) of hexaploid wheat. High-resolution synteny maps identified many small disruptions to conserved gene order. We show that the hexaploid genome is highly dynamic, with significant loss of gene family members on polyploidization and domestication, and an abundance of gene fragments. Several classes of genes involved in energy harvesting, metabolism and growth are among expanded gene families that could be associated with crop productivity. Our analyses, coupled with the identification of extensive genetic variation, provide a resource for accelerating gene discovery and improving this major crop.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3510651/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3510651/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brenchley, Rachel -- Spannagl, Manuel -- Pfeifer, Matthias -- Barker, Gary L A -- D'Amore, Rosalinda -- Allen, Alexandra M -- McKenzie, Neil -- Kramer, Melissa -- Kerhornou, Arnaud -- Bolser, Dan -- Kay, Suzanne -- Waite, Darren -- Trick, Martin -- Bancroft, Ian -- Gu, Yong -- Huo, Naxin -- Luo, Ming-Cheng -- Sehgal, Sunish -- Gill, Bikram -- Kianian, Sharyar -- Anderson, Olin -- Kersey, Paul -- Dvorak, Jan -- McCombie, W Richard -- Hall, Anthony -- Mayer, Klaus F X -- Edwards, Keith J -- Bevan, Michael W -- Hall, Neil -- B/J004588/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/E004725/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/G012865/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/G013004/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/G013985/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/G024650/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/H022333/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0900753/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0900753(91100)/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2012 Nov 29;491(7426):705-10. doi: 10.1038/nature11650.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Genome Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23192148" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brachypodium/genetics ; *Bread ; Chromosomes, Plant/genetics ; Crops, Agricultural/genetics ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, Plant/genetics ; Genome, Plant/*genetics ; Genomics ; Multigene Family/genetics ; Oryza/genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; Polyploidy ; Pseudogenes/genetics ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Triticum/classification/*genetics ; Zea mays/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2015-05-23
    Description: Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a growing family of immune cells that mirror the phenotypes and functions of T cells. However, in contrast to T cells, ILCs do not express acquired antigen receptors or undergo clonal selection and expansion when stimulated. Instead, ILCs react promptly to signals from infected or injured tissues and produce an array of secreted proteins termed cytokines that direct the developing immune response into one that is adapted to the original insult. The complex cross-talk between microenvironment, ILCs, and adaptive immunity remains to be fully deciphered. Only by understanding these complex regulatory networks can the power of ILCs be controlled or unleashed in order to regulate or enhance immune responses in disease prevention and therapy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eberl, Gerard -- Colonna, Marco -- Di Santo, James P -- McKenzie, Andrew N J -- 100963/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 1U01AI095542/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- MC_U105178805/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- R01DE021255/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- R21CA16719/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 May 22;348(6237):aaa6566. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa6566. Epub 2015 May 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut Pasteur, Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, 75724 Paris, France. gerard.eberl@pasteur.fr. ; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. ; Institut Pasteur, Innate Immunity Unit, INSERM U668, 75724 Paris, France. ; Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25999512" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptive Immunity ; Adipose Tissue/immunology ; *Biological Evolution ; Bone Marrow/immunology ; Cytokines/immunology ; Diet ; Humans ; *Immunity, Innate ; Immunotherapy ; Inflammation/immunology ; Liver/embryology/immunology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Microbiota/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    FEBS Letters 241 (1988), S. 115-118 
    ISSN: 0014-5793
    Keywords: (Fibroblast) ; Diacylglycerol ; Insulin ; Protein synthesis ; Signal transduction
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Holocene history of the northwest Australian monsoon is considered in the light of new stratigraphic findings from the southern margin of the monsoon regime. A discussion of the present-day climatology of northwestern Australia and synoptic controls on precipitation in the areas at the southern margin of the monsoon regime is given as background information for the interpretation of stratigraphic findings from swamp and alluvial sequences. The stratigraphic findings point to little change in the intensity of the northwest Australian monsoon since ca. 6.5 ka. A more tentative inference drawn from the field evidence is that the monsoon activity may well have been reduced in this region during the Early Holocene; during this time insolation levels were also reduced. The possible relationship of the northwest Australian monsoon to insolation levels is explored. It is clear that monsoon behavior cannot be accounted for as a simple linear response of monsoon intensity to variations in insolation. Possible controls are discussed with particular emphasis on the plausibility of changes in the damping of convective motions providing the mechanism. Gill's model of heat-induced circulation is used to provide some evidence in favour of this conjecture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2007-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0266-0032
    Electronic ISSN: 1475-2743
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley on behalf of British Society of Soil Science.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: The emergence and expansion of animal life on Earth represents a dramatic shift in the structure and complexity of the biosphere. A lack of firm constraints on surface oxygen levels during the mid-Proterozoic has resulted in heated debate as to whether the rise and earliest diversification of animals was directly linked to a change in environmental oxygen levels or, instead, simply reflects the timing of innovations in gene expression and developmental regulation and was independent of a direct environmental trigger. Here, we present chromium (Cr) isotope data from marine black shales that provide evidence for minimal Cr oxidation throughout the mid-Proterozoic leading up to the diversification of eukaryotes and the rise of animals during the late Neoproterozoic. This observation requires very low background oxygen levels (〈1% of present atmospheric levels). Accepting previously proposed estimates of p O 2 levels needed to induce Cr isotope fractionation, our data provide support for the persistence of an Earth system in which baseline atmospheric p O 2 would have been low enough to inhibit the diversification of animals until ca. 800 Ma. More generally, evidence for a delayed rise of atmospheric oxygen strongly suggests that environmental factors have played a fundamental role in controlling the emergence and expansion of complex life on Earth.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2011-05-01
    Description: The Pele La Group in the Wachi La section in the Black Mountains of central Bhutan represents the easternmost exposure of Cambrian strata known in the Himalaya. The group contains a succession of siliciclastic rocks with minor amounts of carbonate, the uppermost unit of which, the Quartzite Formation, bears age-diagnostic trilobite body fossils that are approximately 493 Ma old. Trilobite species include Kaolishania granulosa, Taipaikia glabra and the new species Lingyuanaspis sangae. A billingsellid brachiopod, Billingsella cf. tonkiniana, is co-occurrent. This fauna is precisely correlated with that of a specific stratigraphic horizon within the upper part of the Kaolishania Zone, Stage 9 of the Cambrian System, Furongian Epoch of the North China block, and thus represents the youngest Cambrian sedimentary rocks yet known from the Himalaya. The faunal similarity suggests proximity between North China and the Himalayan margin at this time. This unit was deposited in a predominantly storm-influenced shelf and shoreface environment. U-Pb geochronological data from detrital zircon grains from the fossil-bearing beds of the Quartzite Formation and strata of the underlying Deshichiling Formation show grain age spectra consistent with those from Cambrian rocks of the Lesser and Tethyan Himalaya in Tibet, India and Pakistan. These data support continuity of the northern Gondwanan margin across the Himalaya. Prominent peaks of approximately 500 Ma zircons in both the Quartzite and Deshichiling formations are consistent with the Furongian (late Cambrian) age assignment for these strata. The presence of these relatively young zircon populations implies rapid post-cooling erosion of igneous bodies and subsequent deposition which may reflect the influence of a widespread Cambro-Ordovician orogenic event evident in the western Himalaya.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7568
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5081
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉Reconstructing the stratigraphic architecture of deposits prior to Cenozoic Himalayan uplift is critical for unravelling the structural, metamorphic, depositional and erosional history of the orogen. The nature and distribution of Proterozoic and lower Paleozoic strata have helped elucidate the relationship between lithotectonic zones, as well as the geometries of major bounding faults. Stratigraphic and geochronological work has revealed a uniform and widespread pattern of Paleoproterozoic strata 〉1.6 Ga that are unconformably overlain by 〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Supplementary material:〈/b〉 U–Pb age data of detrital zircons from Tethyan Himalaya (TH) strata, Lesser Himalaya (LH) strata, Cryogenian Blaini Formation (LH), Cryogenian Manjir Formation (TH), and Ediacaran Phe Formation (TH) are available at 〈a href="https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4296089"〉https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4296089〈/a〉〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0375-6440
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
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