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  • 1
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    The construction of Chasma Boreale on Mars (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-28
    Description: The polar layered deposits of Mars contain the planet's largest known reservoir of water ice and the prospect of revealing a detailed Martian palaeoclimate record, but the mechanisms responsible for the formation of the dominant features of the north polar layered deposits (NPLD) are unclear, despite decades of debate. Stratigraphic analyses of the exposed portions of Chasma Boreale-a large canyon 500 km long, up to 100 km wide, and nearly 2 km deep-have led most researchers to favour an erosional process for its formation following initial NPLD accumulation. Candidate mechanisms include the catastrophic outburst of water, protracted basal melting, erosional undercutting, aeolian downcutting and a combination of these processes. Here we use new data from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to show that Chasma Boreale is instead a long-lived, complex feature resulting primarily from non-uniform accumulation of the NPLD. The initial valley that later became Chasma Boreale was matched by a second, equally large valley that was completely filled in by subsequent deposition, leaving no evidence on the surface to indicate its former presence. We further demonstrate that topography existing before the NPLD began accumulating influenced successive episodes of deposition and erosion, resulting in most of the present-day topography. Long-term and large-scale patterns of mass balance achieved through sedimentary processes, rather than catastrophic events, ice flow or highly focused erosion, have produced the largest geomorphic anomaly in the north polar ice of Mars.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holt, J W -- Fishbaugh, K E -- Byrne, S -- Christian, S -- Tanaka, K -- Russell, P S -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Safaeinili, A -- Putzig, N E -- Phillips, R J -- England -- Nature. 2010 May 27;465(7297):446-9. doi: 10.1038/nature09050.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin 78758, Texas, USA. jack@ig.utexas.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20505721" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Mars north polar deposits: stratigraphy, age, and geodynamical response (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-17
    Description: The Shallow Radar (SHARAD) on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has imaged the internal stratigraphy of the north polar layered deposits of Mars. Radar reflections within the deposits reveal a laterally continuous deposition of layers, which typically consist of four packets of finely spaced reflectors separated by homogeneous interpacket regions of nearly pure ice. The packet/interpacket structure can be explained by approximately million-year periodicities in Mars' obliquity or orbital eccentricity. The observed approximately 100-meter maximum deflection of the underlying substrate in response to the ice load implies that the present-day thickness of an equilibrium elastic lithosphere is greater than 300 kilometers. Alternatively, the response to the load may be in a transient state controlled by mantle viscosity. Both scenarios probably require that Mars has a subchondritic abundance of heat-producing elements.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Phillips, Roger J -- Zuber, Maria T -- Smrekar, Suzanne E -- Mellon, Michael T -- Head, James W -- Tanaka, Kenneth L -- Putzig, Nathaniel E -- Milkovich, Sarah M -- Campbell, Bruce A -- Plaut, Jeffrey J -- Safaeinili, Ali -- Seu, Roberto -- Biccari, Daniela -- Carter, Lynn M -- Picardi, Giovanni -- Orosei, Roberto -- Mohit, P Surdas -- Heggy, Essam -- Zurek, Richard W -- Egan, Anthony F -- Giacomoni, Emanuele -- Russo, Federica -- Cutigni, Marco -- Pettinelli, Elena -- Holt, John W -- Leuschen, Carl J -- Marinangeli, Lucia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 30;320(5880):1182-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1157546. Epub 2008 May 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA. roger@boulder.swri.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18483402" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Stratigraphy and Evolution of the Buried CO2 Deposit in the Martian South Polar Cap (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-26
    Description: Observations by the Shallow Radar instrument on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter reveal several deposits of buried CO 2 ice within the south polar layered deposits. Here we present mapping that demonstrates this unit is 18% larger than previously estimated, containing enough mass to double the atmospheric pressure on Mars if sublimated. We find three distinct subunits of CO 2 ice, each capped by a thin (10-60 m) bounding layer (BL). Multiple lines of evidence suggest that each BL is dominated by water ice. We model the history of CO 2 accumulation at the poles based on obliquity and insolation variability during the last 1 Myr assuming a total mass budget consisting of the current atmosphere and the sequestered ice. Our model predicts that CO 2 ice has accumulated over large areas several times during that period, in agreement with the radar findings of multiple periods of accumulation.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Accumulation and erosion of Mars' south polar layered deposits (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-09-22
    Description: Mars' polar regions are covered with ice-rich layered deposits that potentially contain a record of climate variations. The sounding radar SHARAD on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter mapped detailed subsurface stratigraphy in the Promethei Lingula region of the south polar plateau, Planum Australe. Radar reflections interpreted as layers are correlated across adjacent orbits and are continuous for up to 150 kilometers along spacecraft orbital tracks. The reflectors are often separated into discrete reflector sequences, and strong echoes are seen as deep as 1 kilometer. In some cases, the sequences are dipping with respect to each other, suggesting an interdepositional period of erosion. In Australe Sulci, layers are exhumed, indicating recent erosion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Seu, Roberto -- Phillips, Roger J -- Alberti, Giovanni -- Biccari, Daniela -- Bonaventura, Francesco -- Bortone, Marco -- Calabrese, Diego -- Campbell, Bruce A -- Cartacci, Marco -- Carter, Lynn M -- Catallo, Claudio -- Croce, Anna -- Croci, Renato -- Cutigni, Marco -- Di Placido, Antonio -- Dinardo, Salvatore -- Federico, Costanzo -- Flamini, Enrico -- Fois, Franco -- Frigeri, Alessandro -- Fuga, Oreste -- Giacomoni, Emanuele -- Gim, Yonggyu -- Guelfi, Mauro -- Holt, John W -- Kofman, Wlodek -- Leuschen, Carlton J -- Marinangeli, Lucia -- Marras, Paolo -- Masdea, Arturo -- Mattei, Stefania -- Mecozzi, Riccardo -- Milkovich, Sarah M -- Morlupi, Antonio -- Mouginot, Jeremie -- Orosei, Roberto -- Papa, Claudio -- Paterno, Tobia -- Persi del Marmo, Paolo -- Pettinelli, Elena -- Pica, Giulia -- Picardi, Giovanni -- Plaut, Jeffrey J -- Provenziani, Marco -- Putzig, Nathaniel E -- Russo, Federica -- Safaeinili, Ali -- Salzillo, Giuseppe -- Santovito, Maria Rosaria -- Smrekar, Suzanne E -- Tattarletti, Barbara -- Vicari, Danilo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Sep 21;317(5845):1715-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Dipartimento INFOCOM, Universita di Roma "La Sapienza," I-00184 Rome, Italy. roberto.seu@uniroma1.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17885128" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ice ; *Mars
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Radar sounding evidence for buried glaciers in the southern mid-latitudes of Mars (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-22
    Description: Lobate features abutting massifs and escarpments in the middle latitudes of Mars have been recognized in images for decades, but their true nature has been controversial, with hypotheses of origin such as ice-lubricated debris flows or glaciers covered by a layer of surface debris. These models imply an ice content ranging from minor and interstitial to massive and relatively pure. Soundings of these deposits in the eastern Hellas region by the Shallow Radar on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter reveal radar properties entirely consistent with massive water ice, supporting the debris-covered glacier hypothesis. The results imply that these glaciers formed in a previous climate conducive to glaciation at middle latitudes. Such features may collectively represent the most extensive nonpolar ice yet recognized on Mars.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holt, John W -- Safaeinili, Ali -- Plaut, Jeffrey J -- Head, James W -- Phillips, Roger J -- Seu, Roberto -- Kempf, Scott D -- Choudhary, Prateek -- Young, Duncan A -- Putzig, Nathaniel E -- Biccari, Daniela -- Gim, Yonggyu -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 21;322(5905):1235-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1164246.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78758, USA. jack@ig.utexas.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19023078" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ice ; *Mars ; Radar
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Massive CO(2) ice deposits sequestered in the south polar layered deposits of Mars (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-23
    Description: Shallow Radar soundings from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter reveal a buried deposit of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) ice within the south polar layered deposits of Mars with a volume of 9500 to 12,500 cubic kilometers, about 30 times that previously estimated for the south pole residual cap. The deposit occurs within a stratigraphic unit that is uniquely marked by collapse features and other evidence of interior CO(2) volatile release. If released into the atmosphere at times of high obliquity, the CO(2) reservoir would increase the atmospheric mass by up to 80%, leading to more frequent and intense dust storms and to more regions where liquid water could persist without boiling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Phillips, Roger J -- Davis, Brian J -- Tanaka, Kenneth L -- Byrne, Shane -- Mellon, Michael T -- Putzig, Nathaniel E -- Haberle, Robert M -- Kahre, Melinda A -- Campbell, Bruce A -- Carter, Lynn M -- Smith, Isaac B -- Holt, John W -- Smrekar, Suzanne E -- Nunes, Daniel C -- Plaut, Jeffrey J -- Egan, Anthony F -- Titus, Timothy N -- Seu, Roberto -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 May 13;332(6031):838-41. doi: 10.1126/science.1203091. Epub 2011 Apr 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Planetary Science Directorate, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA. roger@boulder.swri.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21512003" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide ; Cold Temperature ; *Dry Ice ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ice ; *Mars ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    3D imaging of Mars' polar ice caps using orbital radar data (2016)
    Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-29
    Description: Since its arrival in early 2006, various instruments aboard NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) have been collecting a variety of scientific and engineering data from orbit around Mars. Among these is the Shallow Radar (SHARAD) instrument, supplied by Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) and designed for subsurface sounding in the 15–25 MHz frequency band. As of this writing, MRO has completed more than 46,000 nearly polar orbits of Mars, 30% of which have included active SHARAD data collection. By 2009, a sufficient density of SHARAD coverage had been obtained over the polar regions to support 3D processing and analysis of the data. Using tools and techniques commonly employed in terrestrial seismic data processing, we have processed subsets of the resulting collection of SHARAD observations covering the north and south polar regions as SHARAD 3D volumes, imaging the interiors of the north and south polar ice caps known, respectively, as Planum Boreum and Planum Australe. After overcoming a series of challenges revealed during the 3D processing and analysis, a completed Planum Boreum 3D volume is being used currently for scientific research. Lessons learned in the northern work fed forward into our 3D processing and analysis of the Planum Australe 3D volume, currently under way. We discuss our experiences with these projects and present results and scientific insights stemming from these efforts.
    Print ISSN: 1070-485X
    Electronic ISSN: 1938-3789
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG)
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  • 8
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    Exposed subsurface ice sheets in the Martian mid-latitudes (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-12
    Description: Thick deposits cover broad regions of the Martian mid-latitudes with a smooth mantle; erosion in these regions creates scarps that expose the internal structure of the mantle. We investigated eight of these locations and found that they expose deposits of water ice that can be 〉100 meters thick, extending downward from depths as shallow as 1 to 2 meters below the surface. The scarps are actively retreating because of sublimation of the exposed water ice. The ice deposits likely originated as snowfall during Mars’ high-obliquity periods and have now compacted into massive, fractured, and layered ice. We expect the vertical structure of Martian ice-rich deposits to preserve a record of ice deposition and past climate.
    Keywords: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Planetary Science
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    Selection of the InSight Landing Site (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2016-12-14
    Print ISSN: 0038-6308
    Electronic ISSN: 1572-9672
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    The construction of Chasma Boreale on Mars (2010)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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