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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A County-Level Assessment of Ground Water Contamination by Pesticides (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 20 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: A pesticide screening model was integrated with a geographic information system (GIS) for evaluating the ground water vulnerability to pesticide contamination in Albemarle County, Virginia. The attenuation factor (AF). an index of pesticide mass emission from the vadose zone, was used to evaluate the relative contamination potential of 70 pesticides used in the county. Results for only three pesticides—atrazine, dicamba, and lindane—are discussed in this paper. Spatial (land use, soils, and hydrogeology) and relational (soil and pesticide properties) data layers were combined with the AF model within the GIS environment for spatial computation of AF for actual and 2 m ground water depths. For each pesticide, a ground water vulnerability map with five contamination potential categories (high, medium, low, very low, and unlikely) was generated, based on the spatial distribution of AF for each cell size of 0.27 acre (0.11 ha). To consider the variability in pesticide transport, model simulations were performed for “maximum,”“average,” and “minimum” scenarios of pesticide leaching. Under the average leaching scenario (2 m depth), the three pesticides were found to have very low to low levels of contamination potential in some areas. For maximum leaching scenario (2 m depth), contamination potential of these three pesticides increased to low to medium levels. When actual ground water depth was used, no significant contamination potential was indicated by any of the three pesticides. The modeling approach was evaluated using the data from a limited monitoring study in Albemarle County. Although agreement between the model prediction and actual pesticide detection was observed, extent of the data was not sufficient enough to draw firm conclusions about the model's success in predicting contamination potential. A sensitivity analysis of the methodology revealed that significant uncertainty can be involved in predicting the county-scale contamination potential. To make better use of this study, it is recommended that a comprehensive pesticide monitoring be undertaken in Albemarle County.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2000.tb00257.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SEDIMENT DEPOSITION ESTIMATION FROM CESIUM-137 MEASUREMENTS (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: The movement of fallout 137Cs carried by soil particles was studied as an indicator of erosion and sedimentation in the Allerton watersheds and 4-H Memorial Lake located near Monticello, Illinois. Sediment deposition was greater in the waterway draining from watershed IB than in the waterway from watershed IA. At the average rate of 2.3 cm/yr of sediment deposition in the lake (from 1954 to 1979), there will be a loss of over 2 meters of water depth in the next century. However, there appears to be a decreasing rate of sediment deposition in the 4-H Memorial Lake as a result of improved conservation practices on the watersheds and the increased effectiveness of vegetated waterways and buffers for retaining sediment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1983.tb02769.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peak Runoff Model Comparison on Central Illinois Watersheds (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 18 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Four peak runoff rate models were tested with 183 gage years of record to determine the model most applicable to small watersheds of mild topography in east-central Illinois. The Cypress Creek, Rational, Chow, and SCS peak runoff models were evaluated for their performance. Statistical analyses indicated the Soil Conservation Service model was most appropriate for the watersheds tested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1982.tb04521.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PHOSPHORUS LOSSES FROM CROPLAND AS AFFECTED BY TILLAGE SYSTEM AND FERTILIZER APPLICATION METHOD (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A rainfall simulator was used to study the effectiveness of no-till and fertilizer application method on reducing phosphorus (P) losses from agricultural lands. Simulated rainfall was applied to 12 experimental field plots, each 0.01 ha in size. The plots were divided into no-till and conventional tillage systems. Two fertilizer application methods, subsurface injection and surface application, were investigated for the two tillage systems. Phosphorus fertilizer was applied at a rate of 46 kg/ha, 24 to 48 hours before the start of rain simulation. Water samples were collected from the base of each plot and analyzed for sediment and P content. No-till was found to be very effective in reducing runoff and sediment losses. No-till reduced sediment loss and total runoff volume by 92 and 67 percent, respectively. Subsurface injection of fertilizer, as compared to surface application, reduced PO4 losses by 39 percent for no-till and by 35 percent for conventional tillage. The effect of tillage system on PO4 losses was not significant. Reductions in total-P (PT) losses due to no-till compared to the conventional tillage system were 89 and 91 percent for surface application and subsurface injection methods, respectively. Averaged across all fertilizer treatments, an equivalent of 0.9 and 8.9 percent of the P applied to the plots were lost from the no-till and conventional tillage plots, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00924.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PULSED TRICKLING EFFECTS ON SOIL MOISTURE DISTRIBUTION (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Laboratory experiments were conducted to study effects of trickle emitter discharge rate on the distribution of soil moisture in a silty-clay loam soil. Both pulsed and continuous irrigation treatments were studied. A simulation model was used to evaluate the results obtained in the laboratory. The agreement between the predicted and measured soil moisture distribution patterns was quite good. For both pulsed and continuous applications, increasing trickle discharge rate resulted in a decrease in the horizontal component and an increase in the vertical component of the wetted soil profile. Compared to the continuous treatments, pulsed applications resulted in significant reduction in water loss below the root zone. Pulsed applications rates can replace continuous small discharge rates to reduce irrigation water runoff problems on heavy soils and with restricted infiltration allow the use of larger emitter orifices to decrease potential clogging of the trickle system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1983.tb02777.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Model for Predicting Virus Movement Through Soils (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 29 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: A numerical model, VIROTRANS, is developed for simulating the vertical movement of water and virus through soils treated with waste-water effluents and sewage sludges. The expression describing transient flow of water is coupled with the convective-dispersive equation for subsurface solute transport. The resulting methodology is a coupled set of partial differential equations that describe the transient flow of water and suspended virus particle movement through variably saturated media. Solutions to the partial differential equations are accomplished by a Galerkin finite element method. Several example problems are used to provide a quantitative verification and validation of the model. The model simulations are compared to an analytical solution and to experimental measurements of soil moisture content and poliovirus 1 transport. The comparisons show reasonable agreement between model simulations and measured data. Sensitivity of the model's prediction to variations in pertinent input parameters are also analyzed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1991.tb00517.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling Transport of a Degradable Chemical and Its Metabolites in the Unsaturated Zone (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 27 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: A mathematical model for transport and transformation of a pesticide and its metabolites in the soil is presented. Mechanisms for convective-transport, hydrodynamic dispersion, ionic exchange, biological degradation, and hydrolysis are accounted for in the mathematical formulation. The major assumptions used in developing the model include: flow in the soil is in the vertical direction and one- dimensional, soil system is homogeneous and isotropic, volumetric water content and Darcy's flux are constant in time and space, and a linear reversible Freundlich isotherm describes the concentrations in the aqueous and adsorbed phases. Based on the outlined assumptions and Laplace transform techniques, analytical solutions for the concentrations of the parent material and its metabolites are presented. The applicability and potential of the model are demonstrated by predicting the transport and transformation of aldicarb (a nematicide of agricultural significance) and its metabolite, aldicarb sulfoxide, in the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1989.tb00481.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SIMULATING HYDROLOGIC AND WATER QUALITY IMPACTS IN AN URBANIZING WATERSHED (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The Hydrologic Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) was calibrated and used to assess the future effects of various land development scenarios on water quality in the Polecat Creek watershed in Caroline County, Virginia. Model parameters related to hydrology and water quality were calibrated and validated using observed stream flow and water quality data collected at the watershed outlet and the outlets of two sub water sheds. Using the county's Comprehensive Plan, land use scenarios were developed by taking into account the trends and spatial distributions of future development. The simulation results for the various land use scenarios indicate that runoff volume and peak rate increased as urban areas increased. Urbanization also increased sediment loads mainly due to increases in channel erosion. Constituent loads of total Kjeldal nitrogen, orthophosphorus, and total phosphorous for Polecat Creek watershed slightly decreased under future development scenarios. These reductions are due to increases in urban areas that typically contribute smaller quantities of nitrogen and phosphorous, as compared to agricultural areas. However, nitrate loads increased for the future land use scenarios, as compared to the existing land use. The increases in nitrate loads may result from increases in residential land and associated fertilizer use and concurrent decreases in forested land. The procedures used in this paper could assist local, state, and regional policy makers in developing land management strategies that minimize environmental impacts while allowing for future development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04432.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SEDIMENT AND NITROGEN TRANSPORT IN GRASS FILTER STRIPS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : An 18-month field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of grass filter strips in removing sediment and various nitrogen species from runoff. Runoff was collected from six 3.7 m wide experimental plots with 24.7 m long runoff source areas. Two plots had 8.5 m filters, two plots had 4.3 m filters, and two plots had no filters. Runoff was analyzed for total suspended solids (TSS), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN),. filtered TKN (FTKN), NH4+-N, and NO3-N. The Mann-Kendall nonparametric test for trend (changes in filter effectiveness over time) indicated that there were no trends in the yields and concentrations of TSS, NO3--N, NH4-N, TKN, and FTKN for the 8.5 m filter over time. For the shorter 4.3 m filters, there were significant upward trends in TKN yield and downward trends in TSS, NH4-N, and FTKN concentrations, indicating that trapping efficiency may have started changing with time. The Kruskal-Wallis test indicated that the 8.5 m filters reduced median yields and concentrations of TSS and all N species, but the 4.3 m filters only reduced the median yields and concentrations of TSS, NH4+-N, TKN, and the median concentration of FTKN. The 8.5 and 4.3 m filters reduced contaminate yields and concentrations from 42 to 90 percent and from 20 to 83 percent, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04180.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A MODEL TO ENHANCE WETLAND DESIGN AND OPTIMIZE NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION CONTROL (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 38 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A dynamic, compartmental, simulation model (WETLAND) was developed for the design and evaluation of constructed wetlands to optimize nonpoint source (NPS) pollution control. The model simulates the hydrologic, nitrogen, carbon, dissolved oxygen (DO), bacteria, vegetative, phosphorous, and sediment cycles of a wetland system. Written in Fortran 77, the WETLAND models both free-water surface (FWS) and subsurface flow (SSF) wetlands, and is designed in a modular manner that gives the user the flexibility to decide which cycles and processes to model. WETLAND differs from many existing wetland models in that the interactions between the different nutrient cycles are modeled, minimizing the number of assumptions concerning wetland processes. It also directly links microbial growth and death to the consumption and transformations of nutrients in the wetland system. The WETLAND model is intended to be utilized with an existing NPS hydro-logic simulation model, such as ANSWERS or BASINS, but also may be used in situations where measured input data to the wetland are available. The model was calibrated and validated using limited data from a FWS wetland located at Benton, Kentucky. The WETLAND predictions were not statistically different from measured values for of five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), suspended sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorous. Effluent DO predictions were not always consistent with measured concentrations. A sensitivity analysis indicated the most significant input parameters to the model were those that directly affected bacterial growth and DO uptake and movement. The model was used to design a hypothetical constructed wetland in a subwatershed of the Nomini Creek watershed, located in Virginia. Two-year simulations were completed for five separate wetland designs. Predicted percent reductions in BOD5 (4 to 45 percent), total suspended solids (85 to 100 percent), total nitrogen (42 to 56 percent), and total phosphorous (38 to 57 percent) were similar to levels reported by previous research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb01531.x
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