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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tracing the first stars with fluctuations of the cosmic infrared background (2005)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 438 (2005), S. 45-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The deepest space- and ground-based observations find metal-enriched galaxies at cosmic times when the Universe was less than 1 Gyr old. These stellar populations had to be preceded by the metal-free first stars, known as ‘population III’. Recent cosmic microwave background ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04143
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Charge collection and thermalization in a composite calorimetric and ionization x-ray detector (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 3723-3731 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A combination calorimetric and ionization x-ray detector has been made by attaching a silicon p-i-n diode to a monolithic silicon microcalorimeter. We were able to measure a charge signal in the absence of applied bias on the diode at a temperature as low as 0.1 K, demonstrating that the junction potential is sufficient to drift the ionized charges to the contacts. A fraction of the electron-hole pairs created became trapped, as was manifested by excess broadening in the measured thermal signal. The fraction of charge trapped was determined from the variation of the thermal signal magnitude with reverse bias. The ability to collect charge without applying a bias is an encouraging result in the development of high resolution combination thermal and ionization detectors. At higher biases high resolution is precluded, but the enhancement of the thermal signal due to the work done on the ionized charges can lead to a low detection threshold. With an applied bias of −25 V, we achieved a detection threshold of 8 eV, based upon energy scaling of the 1σ value of the baseline noise distribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.356044
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Construction and performance of a high-temperature-superconductor composite bolometer (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 66 (1989), S. 4551-4554 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A high-Tc superconducting bolometer has been constructed using a YBa2Cu3Ox thin-film meander line 20 μm wide and 76 000 μm long, deposited on a SrTiO3 substrate. Radiation is absorbed by a thin film of Bi with well-characterized absorption properties deposited on a Si substrate in contact with the SrTiO3. At 1.8 Hz the measured bolometer response to a 500-K blackbody is 5.2 V/W (820 V/W extrapolated to dc), and the NEP is 5.7×10−8 W/(Hz)1/2 . The impact of apparent nonohmic behavior at the transition is discussed, as are ways of reducing the observed 1/f noise. The response time is 32 s and is dominated by the heat capacity of the SrTiO3 substrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.343928
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Far-infrared observations of thermal dust emission from supernova 1987A (1989)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 340 (1989), S. 697-699 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Roche et all have found spatially extended emission at 10-jjim wavelength which they attribute to a thermal infrared echo from a pre-existing dust cloud. If this cloud is responsible for the emissions we observe, we would also expect to see other effects, such as an inflection in the visual-light ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/340697a0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiplexed Readout of Superconducting Bolometers (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of infrared and millimeter waves 21 (2000), S. 1909-1916 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9559
    Keywords: bolometers ; SQUIDS ; multiplexing ; transition edge sensors ; far infrared ; submillimeter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Studies of emission in the far-infrared and submillimeter from astrophysical sources require large arrays of detectors containing hundreds to thousands of elements. A multiplexed readout is necessary for practical implementation of such arrays, and can be developed using SQUIDS, such that, e.g., a 32 × 32 array of bolometers can be read out using ≈100 wires rather than the 〉2000 needed with a brute force expansion of existing arrays. These bolometer arrays are made by micromachining techniques, using superconducting transition edge sensors as the thermistors. We describe the development of this multiplexed superconducting bolometer array architecture as a step toward bringing about the first astronomically useful arrays of this design. This technology will be used in the SAFIRE instrument on SOFIA, and is a candidate for a wide variety of other spectroscopic and photometric instruments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006752416612
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermalization of X-rays in evaporated tin and bismuth films used as the absorbing materials in X-ray calorimeters (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 93 (1993), S. 257-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Keywords: 82.20Rp ; 78.70-g ; 74.40+k
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the use of evaporated tin and bismuth films as the absorbing materials in X-ray calorimeters. When the films were deposited directly on monolithic silicon calorimeters, the output signal from both Sn and Bi devices was strongly dependent on the location of the absorption event relative to the ion-implanted thermistors, presumably indicating thermistor sensitivity to a non-thermal spectrum of phonons. With Sn films we also observed that a component of the thermalization proceeded slowly, relative to a complete thermalization reference. The thermalization function could be modified by trapping magnetic flux within the film. In order to distinguish thermalization effects in the films from the thermistor sensitivity to energetic phonons, we deposited Sn and Bi films on thin Si substrates which we then affixed to calorimeters using epoxy. With glued Sn films, we were able to attain as good as 13.6 eV resolution of 6 keV X-rays with no excess broadening of the line beyond the width of the baseline, while similarly made Bi devices showed excess broadening.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00693429
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Signal processing for microcalorimeters (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 93 (1993), S. 281-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Most of the power in the signals from microcalorimeters occurs at relatively low frequencies. At these frequencies, typical amplifiers will have significant amounts of 1/f noise. Our laboratory systems can also suffer from pickup at several harmonics of the AC power line, and from microphonic pickup at frequencies that vary with the configuration of the apparatus. We have developed some optimal signal processing techniques in order to construct the best possible estimates of our pulse heights in the presence of these non-ideal effects. In addition to a discussion of our laboratory systems, we present our plans for providing this kind of signal processing in flight experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00693433
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Superconducting Nb-Ta-Al-AlOx-Al tunnel junctions for x-ray detection (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 93 (1993), S. 605-610 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report progress on the microlithographic fabrication of Nb-Ta-Al-AlOx-Al structures designed for x-ray detection. These structures use bandgap engineering both for quasiparticle trapping to increase the collection efficiency and to prevent quasiparticle diffusion out through the leads. Non-standard tunnel junction geometries are used to reduce the magnetic field needed to suppress the Josephson current for stable biasing. The performance of these devices as alpha particle detectors is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00693483
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A silicon composite thermal and ionization X-ray detector (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 93 (1993), S. 411-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Keywords: 29.40Vj ; 29.40Wk ; 07.85+n
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have made a combination calorimetric and ionization X-ray detector by attaching a silicon p-i-n diode to a monolithic silicon microcalorimeter. Applying a bias to the diode enhanced the thermal signal, and with a reverse bias of 25 V we achieved a detection threshold of 8 eV, based upon energy scaling of the standard deviation of the baseline noise. We were able to measure a charge signal in the absence of applied bias on the diode, demonstrating that the junction potential is sufficient to drift the ionized charges to the contacts. A fraction of the electron-hole pairs created became trapped, manifested by excess broadening in the measured thermal signal and by using the variation of the thermal signal magnitude with reverse bias to fit for the fraction of charge that is trapped. The ability to collect charge without an applied bias is necessary to produce high resolution combination thermal and ionization detectors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00693453
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of microcalorimeters for high resolution X-ray spectroscopy (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 93 (1993), S. 225-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have been developing microcalorimeters for use in X-ray spectroscopy. These devices have very high spectral resolution (several eV) and high intrinsic quantum efficiency, making them particularly useful for astrophysical applications. Work has evolved over a 10 year period from simple proof-of-concept devices to functional arrays. An energy resolution of 7.3 eV at 6 keV has been demonstrated for the smallest absorbers used, and a resolution of ∼12 eV for devices with a pixel area of ∼1/4 mm2. Present work is focused on making 36 pixel monolithic arrays with individual pixel areas of up to ∼1 mm2. As the size of the absorbing area is increased, high spectral resolution is more difficult to achieve not only because of the increased heat capacity, but also because of problems with uniform thermalization. We have observed non-ideal effects in large absorbers that must be controlled and minimized before the fabrication of low noise, larger area microcalorimeters can be accomplished.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00693424
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