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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 60 (1968), S. 1-23 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Thylakoidmembranen von Rhodopseudomonas spheroides erscheinen nach Negativkontrastierung in Profilstellung etwa 40 Å dick. Die aus der Schattenlänge ermittelte Dicke von angetrockneten unfixierten Thylakoiden betrug 81±1 Å, woraus sich ebenfalls eine Dicke der Thylakoidmembran von 40 Å ergibt. Die Proteinschicht besitzt anscheinend eine locker gebaute Mittelzone, in die sich Kontrastierungsmittel einlagern kann. Da diese Strukturen sich bei Behandlung mit Chloroform nicht merklich verändern und da Thylakoide 53% Proteine enthalten, besteht die fragliche Schicht ganz oder vorwiegend aus Proteinen. Die Proteinschicht besteht, wie die Elektrophorese in Polyacrylamidgel zeigt, aus verschiedenen Proteinen. Die Bestimmung der Gestalt und Größe der Proteinmoleküle in Lösung stößt wegen ihrer Neigung zu Aggregation auf Schwierigkeiten. Die Proteinmoleküle sollten wegen der gleichmäßigen Dicke der Proteinschicht wenigstens in einer Dimension eine Größe von 40 Å haben. Die Lipide lassen sich in den Thylakoiden nur abbilden, wenn gewisse Präparations-und Aufnahmebedingungen eingehalten werden. In negativ-kontrastierten Präparaten treten sie nach Fixierung mit Osmiumtetroxid- oder Glutardialdehydlösung gelegentlich in Form von Myelinfiguren in Erscheinung. Aufnahmen von gefriergetrockneten Thylakoiden zeigen nach Behandlung mit Osmiumtetroxiddämpfen eine schwächer kontrastierte Außenschicht und eine stärker kontrastierte Zone im Inneren. Da die Lipide etwa doppelt so viel Kontrastierungsmittel binden wie die Proteine, enthält die stärker kontrastierte Zone die Lipide. Die Dicke von angetrockneten Thylakoiden, die aus fixierten Zellen isoliert worden waren, betrug 158±2 Å. Aus diesen Befunden läßt sich ableiten, daß die Thylakoidmembran aus einer etwa 40 Å dicken monomolekularen Proteinschicht und einer etwa gleich dicken Lipidschicht besteht, die im Innern des Thylakoids lokalisiert ist. Nur in seltenen Fällen gelang es, diese Anordnung von Proteinen und Lipiden in Thylakoiden abzubilden, die fixiert, negativkontrastiert und zusätzlich schräg bedampft worden waren. Zur Erklärung der Labilität der Lipide in der wasserfreien Thylakoidmembran wird angenommen, daß an der Stabilisierung des Lipoproteinsystems hydrophobe Wechselwirkungen zwischen den hydrophoben Teilen der Lipidmoleküle und den apolaren Aminosäureresten der Proteine beteiligt sind.
    Notes: Summary After negative staining, the thylakoid membranes of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides appear to be approximately 40 Å thick. The medium thickness of dired, unfixed thylakoids in obliquely shadow cast specimens is 81±1 Å which was calculated from the length of the shadow. This also indicates a thickness of 40 Å for the thylakoid membrane. Since there is no structural alteration following treatment with chloroform and since thylakoids contain 53% protein, it is concluded that the layer seen in unfixed and negatively stained preparations principally consists of protein. It would appear that the protein layer has a middle zone of less dense material in which the staining substances can be incorporated. Electrophoretic studies in polyacrylamide gel indicates that the protein layer consists of different proteins. Because the protein molecules tend to aggregate, it is difficult to determine their shape and size. At least one dimension of these protein molecules cannot exceed 40 Å, since the protein membrane has a uniform thickness. In thylakoids, lipids can only be seen when certain preparation and electron microscopic conditions are observed. In negatively stained specimens, the lipids sometimes appear as myelin figures after fixation with osmium tetroxide solution or glutaraldehyde. Lyophilized thylakoids, fixed with osmium tetroxide vapor, show an outer layer of less contrast and a stronger contrasted middle zone. The latter one contains the lipids since the lipids bind approximately twice as much staining material as proteins. When thylakoids were isolated from prefixed cells and shadowed, a thickness of 158±2 Å was determined. It is concluded, therefore, that the thylakoid membrane of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides consists of a monomolecular protein layer of about 40 Å and a lipid layer of approximately the same thickness which is located inside the thylakoid. Only when thylakoids were fixed, negatively stained and — in addition — obliquely shadow cast, the proposed arrangement of proteins and lipids could occasionally be seen simultaneously. It would appear that hydrophobic interactions between hydrophobic parts of the lipid molecule and the apolar amino acid residues of the proteins are important to stabilize the lipoprotein system of the thylakoid. This could account for the extreme lability of the lipids in water-free preparations and the difficulty to locate them properly within the thylakoid membrane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Plant Physiology 13 (1962), S. 27-44 
    ISSN: 0066-4294
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 413 (2001), S. 833-836 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Axial volcano, which is located near the intersection of the Juan de Fuca ridge and the Cobb–Eickelberg seamount chain beneath the northeast Pacific Ocean, is a locus of volcanic activity thought to be associated with the Cobb hotspot. The volcano rises 700 metres above the ridge, ...
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 119 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Results of a 2-D, seismic undershooting experiment on the Katla central volcano in south Iceland are reported. Large localized traveltime anomalies (0.4s) are observed on an array within the Katla caldera. the traveltimes are forward modelled using a wavefront tracker developed in Appendix A. Thus, non-linear effects encountered in traveltime tomography are avoided as well as common problems with ray tracing in the presence of strong lateral heterogeneity. an extreme variation in compressional velocity is required to extend over a significant volume in order to model the data. the resulting model is not unique, but constraints on the allowable range of velocities (2.5-6.0 kms−1) render the basic features well constrained. A clear S-wave shadow is closely associated with delays in traveltime due to a shallow slow anomaly. Low-amplitude P waves go hand in hand with early arrivals due to thin structural features flanking the slow anomaly. the model is interpreted in terms of a magma chamber containing extensively molten rock. the magma chamber is shallow, with a bottom at a depth of about 1.5km below sea-level (3.0 km below surface), and measures about 5 km across. the depth of the chamber is roughly at the level of buoyant equilibrium for basaltic melt in the crust. Owing to poor vertical resolution at shallow depths in the undershooting geometry the top of this shallow magma chamber is not well resolved. On the other hand, the bottom of the chamber is well resolved. the chamber is underlain by rocks of average or high velocity for that depth. the magma chamber is a persistent feature, big enough (10km3) to supply magma for large eruptions and to supply heat to permit remelting of hydrated basaltic crust to produce silicic magmas at shallow levels. the chamber is fed by magma fracturing from below. the model agrees with phenomenological models of magma chambers in Iceland based on geological observations and provides a quantification of those models in terms of depth and size. On the other hand, it is fundamentally different from recent models of magma chambers at mid-ocean ridges which may be more akin to the pervasive region of partial melt at depth beneath Iceland. This underlines the important effect of the Icelandic hotspot on tectonics and volcanism in Iceland and implies a substantially different crustal and thermal structure in Iceland from that of ‘normal’ mid-ocean ridges.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    FEBS Letters 49 (1975), S. 372-375 
    ISSN: 0014-5793
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    FEBS Letters 62 (1976), S. 342-346 
    ISSN: 0014-5793
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 16 (1960), S. 537-538 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The lamellar system of chloroplasts consists of close double lamellae. In electronphotomicrographs, the walls of two adjacent double lamellae can be seen as one thick lamella. Because of this, the lamellae in the inner portion of a lamellar packet appear about twice as thick as those at the boundary of the packet and, in chloroplasts that contain grana, the granalamellae appear twice as thick as the stromalamellae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 78 (1967), S. 134-143 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die braune saprophytische Orchidee Neottia nidus-avis enthält in ihren spindelförmigen Plastiden aufgerollte Thylakoide. Außerdem kommen verzweigte Thylakoide und Thylakoide mit kontrastierbarem Inhalt vor.
    Notes: Summary The spindle-shaped plastids of the brown saprophytic orchid Neottia nidus-avis contain coiled thylakoids as well as branched thylakoids and swollen thylakoids with stroma-like material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 819-825 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The small angle X-ray scattering of spherical shaped membranes (rhodopseudomonas spheroides in aqueous suspension) is analysed using a new method. By a proper transformation one obtains from the intensity distribution a functionP(x), which in its inner part (PA(x)) contains information about the convolution square of the membrane structure, in its outer part information about the convolution product. By finding the convolution roots ofP A (x) one obtains in the first place four different possible solutions, the convolution products of which are calculated and compared with PB (x). In doing so it becomes evident that the vesicle radii are not uniform but scatter over a certain range, which can be accounted for by an additional convolution with a properly chosen distribution function. The information contained inP B (x), however, is still sufficient to discriminate between the four solutions obtained before. The result obtained in this way is a radial electron density distribution of the membrane, which is to be characterized essentially by two maxima atr = 270 and 320 A and a minimum atr = 245 A. These values refer to vesicles of average radius. For the standard deviation from the latter a remarkably small value of ΔR ≈ 13 Å was obtained.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung kugelförmiger Membranen (Rhodopseudomonas spheroides in wäßriger Suspension) wird mit Hilfe einer neuen Methode analysiert. Durch eine geeignete Transformation erhält man aus der Intensitätsverteilung eine Funktion P (x), welche in ihrem inneren Teil (P A (x)) Informationen über das Faltungsquadrat der Membranstruktur, in ihrem äußeren Teil (PB (x)) Informationen über deren Faltungsprodukt enthält. Durch Ziehen der Faltungswurzel gewinnt man ausP A (x) zunächst vier verschiedene mögliche Lösungen, deren Faltungsprodukte berechnet und mit PB (x) verglichen werden. Dabei zeigt sich der Einfluß einer gewissen Streuung der Vesikelradien, dem durch weiteres Falten mit einer geeigneten Verteilungsfunktion Rechnung getragen wird. Trotz dieser Verschmierung ist die in PB (x) enthaltene Information noch ausreichend, um zwischen den vier Lösungen zu diskriminieren. Als Ergebnis finden wir auf diese Weise eine radiale Elektronendichteverteilung der Membran, die im wesentlichen durch zwei Maxima an den Stellen r = 270 und 320 A und ein Minimum bei r = 245 A gekennzeichnet ist. Diese Angaben beziehen sich auf Vesikeln von mittlerem Radius. Für die mittlere quadratische Abweichung hiervon ergab sich der erstaunlich niedrige Wert von ΔR ≈ 13 Å.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2016-07-03
    Description: Plate-scale deformation is expected to impart seismic anisotropic fabrics on the lithosphere. Determination of the fast shear wave orientation ( ) and the delay time between the fast and slow split shear waves ( t ) via SKS splitting can help place spatial and temporal constraints on lithospheric deformation. The Canadian Appalachians experienced multiple episodes of deformation during the Phanerozoic: accretionary collisions during the Palaeozoic prior to the collision between Laurentia and Gondwana, and rifting related to the Mesozoic opening of the North Atlantic. However, the extent to which extensional events have overprinted older orogenic trends is uncertain. We address this issue through measurements of seismic anisotropy beneath the Canadian Appalachians, computing shear wave splitting parameters ( , t ) for new and existing seismic stations in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Average t values of 1.2 s, relatively short length scale (≥100 km) splitting parameter variations, and a lack of correlation with absolute plate motion direction and mantle flow models, demonstrate that fossil lithospheric anisotropic fabrics dominate our results. Most fast directions parallel Appalachian orogenic trends observed at the surface, while t values point towards coherent deformation of the crust and mantle lithosphere. Mesozoic rifting had minimal impact on our study area, except locally within the Bay of Fundy and in southern Nova Scotia, where fast directions are subparallel to the opening direction of Mesozoic rifting; associated t values of 〉1 s require an anisotropic layer that spans both the crust and mantle, meaning the formation of the Bay of Fundy was not merely a thin-skinned tectonic event.
    Keywords: Seismology
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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