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    Publication Date: 2020-10-07
    Description: Fouling is a major problem in seaweed aquaculture and one of the main obstacles during the domestication process for new culture species. During first attempts to cultivate Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus in the Kiel fjord (Western Baltic Sea), fouling by the epizoans Electra pilosa, Mytilus sp., and Amphibalanus improvisus rendered the production of marketable biomass impossible. This study tested (1) if regular desiccation by air exposure is effective in decreasing the abundance and size of foulers and (2) if and how regular desiccation affects the growth performance of the cultivated Fucus thalli. For this purpose, thalli of F. vesiculosus and F. serratus were cultivated freely floating in baskets directly deployed in the fjord and desiccated to defined percentages of the wet weight (ww) by air exposure. The treatments comprised controls and desiccations of different intensities (from 90 to 40% of ww) and at different frequencies (1× week−1, 3× week−1). Growth rates of both Fucus species were not or only slightly reduced by the desiccation treatments. The final harvested biomass of F. vesiculosus under frequent mild desiccations (3× week−1 to 80% of ww) was even higher than the biomass of undesiccated controls. The size of the epizoans E. pilosa and A. improvisus was significantly reduced by the desiccation treatments and the abundance of all epizoan species was drastically reduced by the desiccation regimes. Frequent mild desiccations (F. vesiculosus: 3× week−1 to 80% of ww, F. serratus: 3× week−1 to 90% of ww) proved to be most effective and decreased the epizoan ww share of the total harvest from 13.0 ± 4.8% in the control to 1.8 ± 0.2% for F. vesiculosus and from 19.1 ± 2.7 to 1.0 ± 0.1% for F. serratus. Thus, desiccation seems to be an effective measure for the production of clean Fucus biomass in culture which is necessary for further valorization. A technical solution for the implementation of this procedure in large-scale cultures remains to be developed.
    Print ISSN: 0921-8971
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5176
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2021-03-15
    Description: An experimental farm has been installed in the Kiel Fjord, western Baltic Sea, aiming at the development of a sustainable production process for Fucus species (Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus serratus). The envisaged cultivation method includes the unattached rearing of thalli in baskets deployed in the sea and their vegetative reproduction. Fertility (i.e., receptacle formation) is expected to be problematic for this approach, because receptacles are terminated in growth and degrade after gamete release. In culture experiments, natural fertility led to only minimal overall growth in F. vesiculosus and even weight loss in F. serratus. Therefore, we tested if long-term unattached cultivation of formerly attached thalli leads to a lowering of fertility by an acclimatization process. However, fertility after 1 and 2 years of unattached cultivation was statistically equal and still comparable to the high fertility of attached populations. Furthermore, we tested if the only known naturally unattached population in the western Baltic Sea near Glücksburg, which remains largely infertile in the wild, keeps its low fertility if put under culture conditions. During an experimental 1-year cultivation, thalli from this population remained almost entirely vegetative (2.0 ± 3.1% fertile apices). Hence, the Glücksburg population is a promising source of aquacultural seedling biomass. Yet, further tests are necessary to check, if the fertility remains low over several years of cultivation. If unattached populations are used as source for commercial cultures, the collection of seedling material should always be accompanied by strong measures to ensure the continued integrity of these valuable habitats.
    Print ISSN: 0921-8971
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5176
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 4
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    In:  (Master thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 106 pp
    Publication Date: 2017-12-04
    Keywords: Course of study: MSc Biological Oceanography
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: The establishment of epibacterial communities is fundamental to seaweed health and fitness, in modulating ecological interactions and may also facilitate adaptation to new environments. Abiotic factors like salinity can determine bacterial abundance, growth and community composition. However, influence of salinity as a driver of epibacterial community composition (until species level) has not been investigated for seaweeds and especially under long time scales. We also do not know how abiotic stressors may influence the ‘core’ bacterial species of seaweeds. Following an initial (immediately after field collection) sampling of epibacterial community of an invasive red seaweed Agarophyton vermicullophylum, we conducted a long term mesocosm experiment for 5 months, to examine the influence of three different salinities (low, medium and high) at two different time points (3 months after start of experiment and 5 months, i.e., at the end of experiment) on the epibacterial community richness and composition of Agarophyton. Metagenomic sequencing showed that epibacterial communities changed significantly according to salinity and time points sampled. Epibacterial richness was significantly different between low and high salinities at both time points. Epibacterial richness also varied significantly between 3 months (after start of experiment) and 5 months (end of experiment) within low, medium and high salinity level. Irrespective of salinity levels and time points sampled 727 taxa consistently appeared in all Agarophyton samples hinting at the presence of core bacterial species on the surface of the alga. Our results indicate that both salinity and time can be major driving forces in structuring epibacterial communities of seaweeds with respect to richness and β-diversity. We highlight the necessity of conducting long term experiments allowing us to detect and understand epibacterial succession over time on seaweeds.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: archive
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2023-12-11
    Description: Die Besiedlung von lebenden oder toten Oberflächen durch sessile Organismen nennt man Fouling. Es ist ein typisches Phenomen aquatischer Lebensräume (Wahl 1989). Ist die Unterlage ein lebender Organismus, der Basibiont, wird dieser von den besiedelnden Organismen, den Epibionten, beeinflusst und umgekehrt. Viele Arten, die besiedelt werden, haben z.B. eine Verteidigung gegen den Bewuchs entwickelt. Diese Fähigkeit wird als "Antifouling" bezeichnet. Es entsteht also eine Fouling-Antifouling-Interaktion. An der Braunalge Fucus vesiculosus L. wurden schon viele Untersuchungen bezüglich dieser Interaktion durchgeführt. Es wurde z.B. gezeigt, dass der Besiedlungsdruck durch Bakterien bei Erwärmung steigt (Wahl et al. 2010). Die chemische Verteidigung der Alge gegen die bakterielle Besiedlung ist dagegen nicht von der Temperatur abhängig. Die Frage, wie sich die prognostizierte Erwärmung aufgrund des Klimawandels auf diese Interaktion auswirkt, liegt da auf der Hand. Diese Frage wird dadurch prägnant, dass eine Veränderung in der Fouling-Antifouling-Interaktion dazu beitragen kann, dass Fucus vesiculosus-Wälder in einer bestimmten Tiefe nicht mehr überleben (Rohde et al. 2008), was Folgen für das gesamte mit der Alge assoziierte Ökosystem hatte. In dieser Bachelorarbeit wurde deshalb der Einfluss des Klimawandels auf die Fouling-AntifoulingInteraktion von Fucus vesiculosus untersucht. Dabei wurde zum ersten mal die Wattenmeerpopulation (F. vesiculosus f. mytilii) verwendet und deren Verteidigung gegen bakterielle Besiedlung unter Klimawandelbedingungen untersucht. Dazu wurde ein Bioassay durchgeführt, bei dem die Besiedlung von extrahierten Oberflächenmetaboliten durch drei Nordseebakterienstämme getestet wurde. Gleichzeitig wurde der Einfluss von Erwarmung auf den Besiedlungsdruck durch Bakterien, Algen und Metazoen im Wattenrneer untersucht. Zusätzlich zu einer Erwärmung um 5°C wurde eine Versauerung aufgrund eines erhöhten CO2-Gehalts in der Atmosphäre als Behandlung in den Experimenten verwendet. Es wurde gezeigt, dass eine Temperaturerhöhung um 5°C den Besidlungsdruck von Bakterien, Algen und Metazoen steigert. Allerdings wurde nur bei Algen ein signifikanter Effekt gefunden. Versauerung verursachte generell schwächere Trends als Erwärmung, bewirkte aber im Fall des Algenbesiedlungsdrucks einen additiven Effekt. Die Verteidigung variierte bezüglich der drei Stämme, war aber generell nicht von den angewendeten Behandlungen beeinflusst. Daraus ergibt sich eine mögliche Gefahr für die Alge, denn der Besiedlungsdruck wird laut den Ergebnissen dieser Studie in den nächsten 100 Jahren steigen, während die Verteidigung konstant bleibt.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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