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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geochemistry Biosignatures and abiotic constraints on early life (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444.2006, 7121, E18-, (1 S.) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Arising from: Y. Ueno, K. Yamada, N. Yoshida, S. Maruyama & Y. Isozaki Nature 440, 516–519 (2006); Ueno et al. reply Ueno et al. contend that methane found in fluid inclusions within hydrothermally precipitated quartz in ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05499
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Planetary science Bedrock formation at Meridiani Planum (Reply) (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 443.2006, 7107, E2-, (1 S.) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Squyres et al. contend that our proposed volcanic origin for Meridiani Planum is inconsistent with more recently obtained data. But although the new data reveal some variation in chemical composition, this variation is small (Fig. 1a) and mainly due to modest variations in ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05213
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A volcanic environment for bedrock diagenesis at Meridiani Planum on Mars (2005)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 438 (2005), S. 1129-1131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Exposed bedrocks at Meridiani Planum on Mars display chemical and mineralogical evidence suggesting interaction with liquid water. On the basis of morphological observations as well as high abundances of haematite and sulphate minerals, the rocks have been interpreted as sediments that were ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04390
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abiotic Formation of Hydrocarbons and Oxygenated Compounds During Thermal Decomposition of Iron Oxalate (1999)
    Springer
    Origins of life and evolution of the biospheres 29 (1999), S. 167-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0875
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The formation of organic compounds during the decomposition of iron oxalate dihydrate (IOD) was investigated as a possible analog for abiotic organic synthesis in geological systems. After heating at 330 °C for 2–4 days, IOD decomposed to a mixture of the minerals siderite and magnetite plus gas and non- volatile organic compounds. The organic products included an extremely large variety of compounds, making identification of individual reaction products difficult. However, the non-volatile products were dominated by several homologous series of alkylated cyclic compounds mostly containing a single aromatic ring, including alkylphenols, alkylbenzenes, alkyltetrahydronaphthols, and alkyltetrahydronaphthalenes. Traces of n-alkanols, n-alkanoic acids, n-alkanones, and n-alkanes were also identified. Carbon in the gas phase was predominantly CO2 (+ CO?), with lesser amounts of light hydrocarbons to 〉C6 including all possible branched and normal isomers of the alkanes and alkenes. The organic products were apparently the result of two concurrent reaction processes: (1) condensation of the two-carbon units present in the initial oxalate moiety, and (2) Fischer-Tropsch-type synthesis from CO2 or CO generated during the experiment. Compounds produced by the former process may not be characteristic of synthesis from the single-carbon precursors which predominate in geologic systems, suggesting iron oxalate decomposition may not provide a particularly suitable analog for investigation of abiotic organic synthesis. When water was included in the reaction vessels, CO2 and traces of methane and light hydrocarbon gases were the only carbon products observed (other than siderite), suggesting that the presence of water allowed the system to proceed rapidly towards equilibrium and precluded the formation of metastable organic intermediates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006556315895
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lipid Synthesis Under Hydrothermal Conditions by Fischer- Tropsch-Type Reactions (1999)
    Springer
    Origins of life and evolution of the biospheres 29 (1999), S. 153-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0875
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Ever since their discovery in the late 1970's, mid-ocean-ridge hydrothermal systems have received a great deal of attention as a possible site for the origin of life on Earth (and environments analogous to mid-ocean-ridge hydrothermal systems are postulated to have been sites where life could have originated on Mars and elsewhere as well). Because no modern-day terrestrial hydrothermal systems are free from the influence of organic compounds derived from biologic processes, laboratory experiments provide the best opportunity for confirmation of the potential for organic synthesis in hydrothermal systems. Here we report on the formation of lipid compounds during Fischer-Tropsch-type synthesis from aqueous solutions of formic acid or oxalic acid. Optimum synthesis occurs in stainless steel vessels by heating at 175 °C for 2–3 days and produces lipid compounds ranging from C2 to 〉C35 which consist of n-alkanols, n- alkanoic acids, n-alkenes, n-alkanes and alkanones. The precursor carbon sources used are either formic acid or oxalic acid, which disproportionate to H2, CO2 and probably CO. Both carbon sources yield the same lipid classes with essentially the same ranges of compounds. The synthesis reactions were confirmed by using 13C labeled precursor acids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006592502746
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  • 6
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    (Table 7) Representative electron microprobe analyses for natroalunite and larger FeOx spheroids of experiment ADSU6 (2013)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: McCollom, Thomas M; Robbins, James M; Moskowitz, Bruce; Berquo, Thelma; Jöns, Niels; Hynek, Bernhard (2013): Experimental study of acid-sulfate alteration of basalt and implications for sulfate deposits on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 118(4), 577-614, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgre.20044
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-04-24
    Description: Acid-sulfate alteration of basalt by SO2-bearing volcanic vapors has been proposed as one possible origin for sulfate-rich deposits on Mars. To better define mineralogical signatures of acid-sulfate alteration, laboratory experiments were performed to investigate alteration pathways and geochemical processes during reaction of basalt with sulfuric acid. Pyroclastic cinders composed of phenocrysts including plagioclase, olivine, and augite embedded in glass were reacted with sulfuric acid at 145 °C for up to 137 days at a range of fluid : rock ratios. During the experiments, the phenocrysts reacted rapidly to form secondary products, while the glass was unreactive. Major products included amorphous silica, anhydrite, and Fe-rich natroalunite, along with minor iron oxides/oxyhydroxides (probably hematite) and trace levels of other sulfates. At the lowest fluid : rock ratio, hexahydrite and an unidentified Fe-silicate phase also occurred as major products. Reaction-path models indicated that formation of the products required both slow dissolution of glass and kinetic inhibitions to precipitation of a number of minerals including phyllosilicates and other aluminosilicates as well as Al- and Fe-oxides/oxyhydroxides. Similar models performed for Martian basalt compositions predict that the initial stages of acid-sulfate alteration of pyroclastic deposits on Mars should result in formation of amorphous silica, anhydrite, Fe-bearing natroalunite, and kieserite, along with relict basaltic glass. In addition, analysis of the experimental products indicates that Fe-bearing natroalunite produces a Mössbauer spectrum closely resembling that of jarosite, suggesting that it should be considered an alternative to the component in sulfate-rich bedrocks at Meridiani Planum that has previously been identified as jarosite.
    Keywords: Aluminium oxide; Calcium oxide; Calculated; Cerro-Negro; Chlorine; Chromium(III) oxide; Electron microprobe JEOL JXA 8900R; Elements, total; Iron oxide, Fe2O3; Magnesium oxide; Minerals; MULT; Multiple investigations; Phosphorus pentoxide; Potassium oxide; Silicon dioxide; Sodium oxide; Sulfite; Titanium dioxide
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 42 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 7
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    Geochemistry of abyssal peridotites from ODP Hole 209-1274A (2009)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Klein, Frieder; Bach, Wolfgang; Jöns, Niels; McCollom, Thomas M; Moskowitz, Bruce; Berquo, Thelma (2009): Iron Partitioning and Hydrogen Generation During Serpentinization of Abyssal Perdotites from 15°N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73(22), 6868-6893, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.08.021
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Description: Aqueous dihydrogen (H2,aq) is produced in copious amounts when seawater interacts with peridotite and H2O oxidizes ferrous iron in olivine to ferric iron in secondary magnetite and serpentine. Poorly understood in this process is the partitioning of iron and its oxidation state in serpentine, although both impose an important control on dihydrogen production. We present results of detailed petrographic, mineral chemical, magnetic and Mößbauer analyses of partially to fully serpentinized peridotites from the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 209, Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) 15°N area. These results are used to constrain the fate of iron during serpentinization and are compared with phase equilibria considerations and peridotite-seawater reaction path models. In samples from Hole 1274A, mesh-rims reveal a distinct in-to-out zoning from brucite at the interface with primary olivine, followed by a zone of serpentine + brucite ± magnetite and finally serpentine + magnetite in the outermost mesh-rim. The compositions of coexisting serpentine (Mg# 95) and brucite (Mg# 80) vary little throughout the core. About 30-50% of the iron in serpentine/brucite mesh-rims is trivalent, irrespective of subbasement depth and protolith (harzburgite versus dunite). Model calculations suggest that both partitioning and oxidation state of iron are very sensitive to temperature and water-to-rock ratio during serpentinization. At temperatures above 330 °C the dissolution of olivine and coeval formation of serpentine, magnetite and dihydrogen depends on the availability of an external silica source. At these temperatures the extent of olivine serpentinization is insufficient to produce much hydrogen, hence conditions are not reducing enough to form awaruite. At T 〈 330 °C, hydrogen generation is facilitated by the formation of brucite, as dissolution of olivine to form serpentine, magnetite and brucite requires no addition of silica. The model calculations suggest that the iron distribution observed in serpentine and brucite is consistent with formation temperatures ranging from 〈150 to 250 °C and bulk water-to-rock ratios between 0.1 and 5. These conditions coincide with peak hydrogen fugacities during serpentinization and are conducive to awaruite formation during main stage serpentinization. The development of the common brucite rims around olivine is either due to an arrested reaction olivine -〉 brucite -〉 serpentine + brucite, or reflects metastable olivine-brucite equilibria developing in the strong gradient in silica activity between orthopyroxene (talc-serpentine) and olivine (serpentine-brucite).
    Keywords: 209-1274A; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; Joides Resolution; Leg209; Ocean Drilling Program; ODP; South Atlantic Ocean
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    Format: application/zip, 2 datasets
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  • 8
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    (Table 4) Iron geochemistry of micro-drilled mesh-rims of ODP Hole 209-1274A (2009)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Keywords: 209-1274A; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; DSDP/ODP/IODP sample designation; Iron 2+; Iron 3+; Iron 3+/Iron total; Iron III, ferric iron; Joides Resolution; Leg209; Magnetite; Magnetization analysis; Mössbauer spectroscopy; Ocean Drilling Program; ODP; Sample code/label; South Atlantic Ocean; Titration
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 64 data points
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  • 9
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    (Table A1) Geochemistry of peridotites of ODP Hole 209-1274A (2009)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Keywords: 209-1274A; Aluminium; Aluminium oxide; Calcium; Calcium oxide; Calculated based on oxygen number; Chromium; Chromium(III) oxide; Cobalt; Cobalt(II) oxide; DEPTH, sediment/rock; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; DSDP/ODP/IODP sample designation; Electron microprobe (EMP); Elements, total; Factor; Iron 2+ and 3+; Iron oxide, FeO; Joides Resolution; Leg209; Magnesium; Magnesium number; Magnesium oxide; Manganese; Manganese oxide; Mineral name; Nickel; Nickel oxide; Number of oxygens; Ocean Drilling Program; ODP; Potassium; Potassium oxide; Rock type; Sample amount; Sample code/label; Sample code/label 2; Silicon; Silicon dioxide; Sodium; Sodium oxide; South Atlantic Ocean; Sulfite; Sulfur; Sum; Texture; Titanium; Titanium dioxide
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 1004 data points
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  • 10
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    Abiotic methane formation during experimental serpentinization of olivine (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-07
    Description: Fluids circulating through actively serpentinizing systems are often highly enriched in methane (CH4). In many cases, the CH4 in these fluids is thought to derive from abiotic reduction of inorganic carbon, but the conditions under which this process can occur in natural systems remain unclear. In recent years, several studies have reported abiotic formation of CH4 during experimental serpentinization of olivine at temperatures at or below 200 °C. However, these results seem to contradict studies conducted at higher temperatures (300 °C to 400 °C), where substantial kinetic barriers to CH4 synthesis have been observed. Here, the potential for abiotic formation of CH4 from dissolved inorganic carbon during olivine serpentinization is reevaluated in a series of laboratory experiments conducted at 200 °C to 320 °C. A 13C-labeled inorganic carbon source was used to unambiguously determine the origin of CH4 generated in the experiments. Consistent with previous high-temperature studies, the results indicate that abiotic formation of CH4 from reduction of dissolved inorganic carbon during the experiments is extremely limited, with nearly all of the observed CH4 derived from background sources. The results indicate that the potential for abiotic synthesis of CH4 in low-temperature serpentinizing environments may be much more limited than some recent studies have suggested. However, more extensive production of CH4 was observed in one experiment performed under conditions that allowed an H2-rich vapor phase to form, suggesting that shallow serpentinization environments where a separate gas phase is present may be more favorable for abiotic synthesis of CH4.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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