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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 85 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Development of galactomannan hydrolyzing activity was followed in seeds of tomato [Lycopersicon esculentum (L.) Mill. cv. Toyonishiki] during priming and germination. The activity developed in seeds that were being primed in polyethylene glycol (-0.8 MPa). The activity was detected exclusively in the endosperm portion just adjacent to the radicle tip. Part of the activity remained active after desiccation of the primed seeds. After transfer to water, the activity in the primed seeds immediately began to increase, while in unprimed seeds the beginning of the increase in activity was delayed by about 1 day. In scanning electron microscopy, the inner surface of the cell walls of the micropylar endosperm portion appeared eroded in primed seeds that had been imbibed in water for 16 h (before germination), but not in unprimed seeds imbibed for the same period. These results support the hypothesis that galactomannan hydrolyzing enzyme, which is believed to be responsible for breakdown of tomato endosperm cell walls and hence for the weakening of mechanical restraint against radicle growth, may be involved in the improved germination of primed tomato seeds.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Electron microscopic observations of the endosperm of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seeds revealed that changes in the cell wall structures along with the vacuolation of protein bodies occurred in the micropylar portion of the endosperm prior to germination. No changes were detected at that time in the rest of the endosperm. Endo-β-mannanase activity was restricted to the micropylar region of the endosperm prior to germination. Cell wall digestion by this pregerminative mannanase seemed to be associated with the changes in cell wall structures occurring in the micropylar region prior to germination. The protein content in the micropylar part of the endosperm began to decrease shortly after imbibition and attained about 40% of the initial level by the time of radicle protrusion (38 h after imbibition). On the other hand, only slight changes in the content were detected in the lateral endosperm during the same time; the protein content in the lateral endosperm decreased only after germination started. In conformity with the results on protein contents, proteolytic activity began to develop first in the micropylar portion prior to germination, and then in the lateral portion after germination. Thus, the timing of the biochemical activation of the endosperm after imbibition differed between the micropylar and the lateral region. Some qualitative differences in patterns of polypeptides synthesized in vivo were detected, as analyzed by pulse-labeling and fluorography, between the micropylar and the lateral portions of the endosperm of seeds imbibed for 25 h. This suggests that processes of the biochemical activation of the endosperm may be qualitatively, as well as quantitatively, different depending on the regions of the endosperm.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Starch debranching enzyme was purified from mung bean (Vigna radiata) cotyledons to investigate its properties and developmental pattern during and following germination. A debranching enzyme was purified up to the step where only a doublet of polypeptides with molecular masses of 99 and 101 kDa, respectively, was detected by SDS-PAGE. The enzyme is thought to be a single chain monomer, as the molecular mass of the enzyme determined by gel filtration was 72 kDa. Monoclonal antibodies raised against the purified preparation recognized the doublet, indicating that the two polypeptides have immunological homology to each other. The enzyme preparation showed a high activity with pullulan as a substrate, low activity with soluble starch and amylopectin, and no activity with glycogen. These substrate specificities indicate that the debranching enzyme from mung bean cotyledons is of the pullulanase type. Immunoblotting profiles revealed that the enzyme is present in dry seeds and decreases gradually after imbibition, suggesting the possibility that the pullulanase plays a role in developing mung bean cotyledons.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 83 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Treatment of cotyledons of 4-day-old cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Tokiwa-jibae) seedlings with cycloheximide (0.3 mM) inhibited protein synthesis in the cotyledons by 80%. In spite of this inhibition, the cycloheximide treatment induced a marked increase in the capacity of the alternative respiration in mitochondria, accompanied by an increase in the contribution of the pathway to the total respiration. In contrast, the activity of the cytochrome pathway was reduced by cycloheximide treatment. As a result, the total respiration was almost the same in mitochondria from cycloheximide-treated cotyledons and untreated cotyledons. Activities of some mitochondrial enzymes examined were also similar. Mitochondrial proteins synthesized during the treatment were separated by two-dimensional gel-electrophoresis and examined by fluorography. No new spots appeared and no spots disappeared on the fluorograms, but the labeling intensity of some polypeptides showed a relative increase or decrease as the result of cycloheximide treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 61 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The respiration rate of mitochondria from detached Vigna mungo L. cotyledons (without the embryonic axis) doubled during the first day after imbibition, whereas that of mitochondria from attached ones increased by only 50%. Contrary to the respiration rate, the respiratory control ratio was higher in attached cotyledons. The activities of enzymes in the mitochondrial fraction from detached cotyledons increased by about 30% during the first day, while those in mitochondria from attached ones changed little. Cycloheximide did not inhibit the development of mitochondrial respiration in either attached or detached cotyledons, although it almost completely inhibited the incorporation of [14C]-leucine into mitochondrial proteins. Cycloheximide did not retard the increase in the activities of mitochondrial enzymes in detached cotyledons. It is inferred that the development of mitochondria in black gram cotyledons is brought about by repair or activation of mitochondria present in dry seeds and that the axis affects this repair process.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: CND41, a DNA binding protein of chloroplast nucleoids, may function as a negative regulator of chloroplast gene expression. The reduction of CND41 in an antisense transformant accelerated plastid development in shoot apex cells and early young leaves, and caused a dwarf phenotype and altered leaf morphology. Plant height and leaf shape could be restored almost to those of the wild type by application of gibberellins (GAs), clearly indicating that a reduction in GA content was a prime cause of the dwarf phenotype in CND41 antisense transformants. The transformants had reduced endogenous levels of active gibberellin (GA1), a biologically active GA, compared to those of wild-type plants. Possible relationships between chloroplast development affected by CND41 function and GA biosynthesis are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: Chloroplast replication ; Photoautotrophically cultured cells ; Synchronous culture ; Tobacco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chloroplast replication in cultured cells of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN) was investigated by electron microscopy in comparison with that of green leaves. The structure of chloroplasts in cultured cells changed conspicuously during cell growth especially in photoautotrophic cells. The frequency of dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts (intermediate of chloroplast division) was the maximum (about 23% of total chloroplast) in photoautotrophic cells at 3 days after inoculation, before the cells had started to grow. By contrast, in photomixotrophically cultured cells, the highest frequency of dividing chloroplasts was observed at the early exponential phase (about 7 days after inoculation). The dividing chloroplast was hardly detected in green leaves even at a young stage. The advantages of cultured cells for the study of chloroplast replication and ultrastructural development are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 2 (1985), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Low-temperature SEM ; Direct SEM-viewing ; Living plant specimens ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Young fresh Tradescantia reflexa stamen hair cells were used to clarify the optimal conditions for direct viewing and taking photographs with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with a cryo-system. The rate of protoplasmic streaming in the cells was measured under an optical microscope after examining and photographing them in the SEM over a period of a few minutes. Almost the same rate of streaming (5.5 μm/second, 20°C) was observed in nonirradiated control cells and irradiated cells photographed in the SEM using an accelerating voltage of 10 kV with the cryo-stage at a temperature of - 15°C. (The specimen holder and specimen were not at this temperature, but, rather, probably somewhat higher.) Fresh plant organs, tissues, and cells were also tested under the same conditions. The fine structure was well preserved in detail. The procedures were as follows: (1) prompt attachment of fresh plant materials on an aluminum specimen holder with double-faced adhesive Scotch tape or a small amount of plastic adhesive for woodcraft; (2) setting the holder on the cryo-stage cooled to -15°C in advance and rapid evacuation; and (3) quick SEM examination and photography (within several minutes). The advantages of this method are summarized as follows: (1) high possibility of viewing living materials; (2) minimal artifacts: freedom from chemical fixation and additional procedures utilized in ordinary SEM specimen preparation; and (3) simplicity, speediness, and economy in preparation for viewing. Since the specimens were not likely to be frozen during quick examination and photography, this method might well be called “low-temperature SEM” (LT-SEM) as distinguished from “cryo-SEM”.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2020-04-24
    Description: The aquatic carnivorous plant Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. is critically endangered worldwide; its peculiar lifestyle raises many questions and poses problems both intriguing on their own and relevant to conservation. While establishing a culture system for its propagation and restoring its natural habitat in Hozoji pond in Saitama, Japan, we conducted ultrastructural observations to examine the various aspects of Aldrovanda’s way of life. Electron microscopic observation in combination with cryo-techniques produced novel information which could not be obtained by other methods. Some of the results are: phosphorous is stored in petiole cells of turions during winter; mucilaginous guides are provided for pollen tubes in parietal placental ovaries; storage of potassium in the vicinity of the midrib of carnivorous leaves may contribute to the rapid closing of the carnivorous leaves; dynamic sequential changes of the ultrastructure of digestive glands are involved in the synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes, including protease and acid phosphatase. These results should contribute significantly to our understanding of Aldrovanda and the detailed mechanisms of its life.
    Print ISSN: 2050-5698
    Electronic ISSN: 2050-5701
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1985-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0741-0581
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Wiley
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