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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    The geometry and growth of normal faults (2017)
    London : The Geological Society
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: 9/M 07.0421(439)
    In: Geological Society Special Publication
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: viii, 540 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISBN: 978-1-86239-967-9
    Series Statement: Geological Society Special Publication 439
    URL: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/439/1
    Language: English
    Location: Reading room
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
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    The Geometry and Growth of Normal Faults (2017)
    London : The Geological Society
    Details
    Keywords: crust ; faults ; fault geometric analysis ; fault kinematic analysis ; fault zone structure ; fault-related folding ; pre-existing structure and reactivation
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction to the geometry and growth of normal faults / Conrad Childs, Robert E. Holdsworth, Christopher A.-L. Jackson, Tom Manzocchi, John J. Walsh and Graham Yielding / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439, 1-9, 5 September 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP439.24 --- Fault geometric analysis --- The geometry of branch lines / Graham Yielding / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439, 11-22, 22 February 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP439.1 --- Interactions and growth of faults in an outcrop-scale system / A. Nicol, C. Childs, J. J. Walsh, T. Manzocchi and M. P. J. Schöpfer / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439, 23-39, 10 March 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP439.9 --- Myths about normal faulting / D. A. Ferrill, A. P. Morris, R. N. McGinnis and K. J. Smart / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439, 41-56, 30 March 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP439.12 --- Growth of layer-bound normal faults under a regional anisotropic stress field / R. Ghalayini, C. Homberg, J. M. Daniel and F. H. Nader / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439, 57-78, 6 April 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP439.13 --- Fault kinematic analysis --- Spatial distribution and evolution of fault-segment boundary types in rift systems: observations from experimental clay models / P. S. Whipp, C. A.-L. Jackson, R. W. Schlische, M. O. Withjack and R. L. Gawthorpe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439, 79-107, 31 March 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP439.7 --- 3D geometry and kinematic evolution of extensional fault-related folds, NW Red Sea, Egypt / Samir M. Khalil and Ken R. McClay / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439, 109-130, 30 March 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP439.11 --- Rift migration and lateral propagation: evolution of normal faults and sediment-routing systems of the western Corinth rift (Greece) / Mary Ford, Romain Hemelsdaël, Marco Mancini and Nikolaos Palyvos / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439, 131-168, 15 August 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP439.15 --- Interaction between gravity-driven listric normal fault linkage and their hanging-wall rollover development: a case study from the western Niger Delta, Nigeria / Hamed Fazlikhani, Stefan Back, Peter A. Kukla and Haakon Fossen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439, 169-186, 13 December 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP439.20 --- Techniques to determine the kinematics of synsedimentary normal faults and implications for fault growth models / Christopher A.-L. Jackson, Rebecca E. Bell, Atle Rotevatn and Anette B. M. Tvedt / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439, 187-217, 7 February 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP439.22 --- Growth and interaction of normal faults and fault network evolution in rifts: insights from three-dimensional discrete element modelling / Emma Finch and Rob Gawthorpe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439, 219-248, 30 August 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP439.23 --- Fault zone structure --- The geometry and dimensions of fault-core lenses / Roy H. Gabrielsen, Alvar Braathen, Magnus Kjemperud and Marie Lovise R. Valdresbråten / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439, 249-269, 5 February 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP439.4 --- Widening of normal fault zones due to the inhibition of vertical propagation / V. Roche, C. Homberg, M. van der Baan and M. Rocher / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439, 271-288, 5 February 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP439.5 --- Fracture networks of normal faults in fine-grained sedimentary rocks: examples from Kilve Beach, SW England / Tore Skar, Silje S. Berg, Roy H. Gabrielsen and Alvar Braathen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439, 289-306, 26 September 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP439.10 --- Three-dimensional Distinct Element Method modelling of the growth of normal faults in layered sequences / Martin P. J. Schöpfer, Conrad Childs, Tom Manzocchi and John J. Walsh / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439, 307-332, 15 September 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP439.17 --- Throw partitioning across normal fault zones in the Ptolemais Basin, Greece / Efstratios Delogkos, Tom Manzocchi, Conrad Childs, Christos Sachanidis, Tryfon Barbas, Martin P. J. Schöpfer, Alexandros Chatzipetros, Spyros Pavlides and John J. Walsh / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439, 333-353, 21 November 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP439.19 --- Fault-related folding --- The relationship between normal drag, relay ramp aspect ratio and fault zone structure / C. Childs, T. Manzocchi, A. Nicol, J. J. Walsh, A. M. Soden, J. C. Conneally and E. Delogkos / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439, 355-372, 17 August 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP439.16 --- Occurrence and development of folding related to normal faulting within a mechanically heterogeneous sedimentary sequence: a case study from Inner Moray Firth, UK / A. Lăpădat, J. Imber, G. Yielding, D. Iacopini, K. J. W. McCaffrey, J. J. Long and R. R. Jones / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439, 373-394, 26 September 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP439.18 --- The brittle and ductile components of displacement along fault zones / C. Homberg, J. Schnyder, V. Roche, V. Leonardi and M. Benzaggagh / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439, 395-412, 1 March 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP439.21 --- Pre-existing structure and reactivation --- The impact of multiple extension events, stress rotation and inherited fabrics on normal fault geometries and evolution in the Cenozoic rift basins of Thailand / C. K. Morley / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439, 413-445, 13 April 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP439.3 --- Importance of pre-existing fault size for the evolution of an inverted fault system / Cathal Reilly, Andrew Nicol and John Walsh / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439, 447-463, 5 February 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP439.2 --- Post-Caledonian extension in the West Norway–northern North Sea region: the role of structural inheritance / Haakon Fossen, Hamed Fazli Khani, Jan Inge Faleide, Anna K. Ksienzyk and W. James Dunlap / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439, 465-486, 5 February 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP439.6 --- Influence of fault geometries and mechanical anisotropies on the growth and inversion of hanging-wall synclinal basins: insights from sandbox models and natural examples / O. Ferrer, K. McClay and N. C. Sellier / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439, 487-509, 15 March 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP439.8 --- Timing, growth and structure of a reactivated basin-bounding fault / Robert P. Worthington and John J. Walsh / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 439, 511-531, 1 July 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP439.14
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 540 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
    ISBN: 9781862399679
    URL: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/439/1
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Definition of a fault permeability predictor from outcrop studies of a faulted turbidite sequence, Taranaki, New Zealand (2008)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 292: 235-258.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-02
    Description: Post-depositional normal faults within the turbidite sequence of the Late Miocene Mount Messenger Formation of the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand are characterized by granulation and cataclasis of sands and by the smearing of clay beds. Clay smears maintain continuity for high ratios of fault throw to clay source bed thickness (c. 8), but are highly variable in thickness, and gaps occur at any point between the clay source bed cut-offs at higher ratios. Although cataclastic fault rock permeabilities may be appreciably lower (c. two orders of magnitude) than host rock sandstone permeabilities, the occurrence of continuous clay smears, combined with low clay permeabilities (10s to 100s nD) means that the primary control on fault rock permeability is clay smear continuity. A new permeability predictor, the Probabilistic Shale Smear Factor (PSSF), is developed which incorporates the main characteristics of clay smearing from the Taranaki Basin. The PSSF method calculates fault permeabilities from a simple model of multiple clay smears within fault zones, predicting a more heterogeneous and realistic fault rock structure than other approaches (e.g. Shale Gouge Ratio, SGR). Nevertheless, its averaging effects at higher ratios of fault throw to bed thickness provide a rationale for the application of other fault rock mixing models, e.g. SGR, at appropriate scales.
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  • 4
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    Static and dynamic connectivity in bed-scale models of faulted and unfaulted turbidites (2008)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 292: 309-336.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-02
    Description: A range of unfaulted and faulted bed-scale models with sheet-like or lobate bed geometries and faults of comparable sizes to beds have been built and analysed in terms of bed connectivity and fractional permeability assuming permeable sands and impermeable shales and shale smears. A new method has been devised allowing amalgamation ratio to be included explicitly as model input and this property, rather than net:gross ratio, is found to be the dominant control on the connectivity of unfaulted sequences. At the geometrically representative scales considered (horizontal distances of 〉1 km for beds up to c. 1 m thick and faults up to c. 5 m throw), faulted sequences rarely have lower connectivities than their unfaulted sedimentological equivalents irrespective of whether fault rock properties are included. Models containing stochastically placed shale smears associated with each faulted shale horizon are generally better connected than if deterministic Shale Gouge Ratio cut-offs are applied. Despite the complex interactions between geological input and connectivity of the faulted sequences, the flow properties at representative scales are controlled by three geometrical variables describing connectivity, anisotropy and resolution. If two different faulted or unfaulted systems have identical values of these three variables they will have the same equivalent flow properties.
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  • 5
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    Geometric controls on the evolution of normal fault systems (2001)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 186: 157-170.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-01-01
    Description: The growth of normal fault arrays is examined in basins where sedimentation rates were higher than fault displacement rates and where fault growth histories are recorded by thickness and displacement variations within syn-faulting sequences. Progressive strain localization is the principal feature of the growth history of normal faults for study areas from the Inner Moray Firth, a sub-basin of the North Sea, and from the Timor Sea, offshore Australia. The kinematics of faulting are similar in both study areas. Fault displacement rates correlate with fault size, where size is measured in terms of either displacement or length. Small faults have higher mortality rates than larger faults throughout the growth of the fault system. Displacement and strain are progressively localized onto the larger faults at the expense of smaller faults at progressively larger scales. Strain localization and the preferential growth of larger faults are attributed to geometric factors, such as size and location, rather than to the mechanical properties of fault rock in individual faults. This conclusion is supported by numerical models that reproduce the main characteristics of fault system growth established from both study areas.
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  • 6
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    Three-dimensional Distinct Element Method modelling of the growth of normal faults in layered sequences (2016)
    Geological Society (of London)
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-17
    Description: The growth of normal faults in mechanically layered sequences is numerically modelled using three-dimensional Distinct Element Method (DEM) models, in which rock comprises an assemblage of bonded spherical particles. Faulting is induced by movement on a pre-defined normal fault at the model base whilst a constant confining pressure is maintained by applying forces to particles lying at the model top. The structure of the modelled fault zones and its dependency on confining pressure, sequence (net:gross) and fault obliquity are assessed using various new techniques that allow (a) visualization of faulted horizons, (b) quantification of throw partitioning and (c) determination of the fault zone throw beyond which theoretical juxtaposition sealing occurs along the entire zone length. The results indicate that fault zones become better localized with increasing throw and confinement. The mechanical stratigraphy has a profound impact on fault zone structure and localization: both low and high net:gross sequences lead to wide and relatively poorly localized faults. Fault strands developing above oblique-slip normal faults form, on average, normal to the greatest infinitesimal stretching direction in transtensional zones. The model results are consistent with field observations and results from physical experiments.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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  • 7
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    Three-dimensional failure envelopes and the brittle-ductile transition (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-02-06
    Description: Rocks deformed at low confining pressure are brittle, meaning that after peak stress the strength decreases to a residual value determined by frictional sliding. The difference between the peak and residual value is the stress drop. At high confining pressure, however, no stress drop occurs. The transition pressure at which no loss in strength occurs is a possible definition of the brittle-ductile transition. Here we show, using numerical rock deformation, how this type of brittle-ductile transition emerges from a simple model in which rock is idealized as an assemblage of cemented spherical unbreakable grains. Three-dimensional failure and residual strength envelopes determined for this model material illustrate that the brittle-ductile transition is a smoothly-varying, mean stress dependent function in principal stress space. Neither the Mohr-Coulomb nor the Drucker-Prager failure criterion, which are the most commonly used empirical laws in rock and soil mechanics, respectively, adequately describe the dependence of peak strength and the brittle-ductile transition on the intermediate stress (or Lode angle). A semi-quantitative comparison between the modeled peak strength envelope with a selection of existing polyaxial rock data shows that the emergent intermediate stress dependence of strength in bonded particle models is comparable to that observed in rock. Deformation of particle models in which bond shear failure is inhibited illustrate that the non-linear pressure dependence of strength (concave failure envelopes) is, at high mean stress, the result of microscopic shear failure, a result consistent with earlier two-dimensional numerical multiple-crack simulations.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Regioselectivity in the oxidative deamination of 2-methyl-1,4-diaminobutane catalyzed by diamine oxidases (1982)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0014-4754
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
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    Two-phase fluid flow properties of cataclastic fault rocks: Implications for CO2 storage in saline aquifers (2012)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
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    Publication Date: 2012-01-01
    Description: Fault rocks can function as barriers to subsurface fluid flow and affect the storage of CO2 in geological structures. Even though flow across faults often involves more than one fluid phase, it is typically modeled using only single-phase functions due to a lack of fault rock relative permeability data and complexities in incorporating two-phase flow properties into flow simulations. Here we present two-phase fluid flow data for cataclastic fault rocks in porous sandstone from the 90-Fathom fault (northeast England). The study area represents a field analogue for North Sea saline aquifers of Permian–Triassic age that are currently being considered for CO2 storage. We use the experimental data to populate a synthetic model of a faulted saline aquifer to assess the impact of these fault rocks on CO2 injection. We show that even fault rocks with low clay contents and very limited quartz cementation can act as major baffles to the flow of a non-wetting phase if realistic two-phase properties are taken into account. Consequently, pressure may increase far more rapidly in the storage compartment during CO2 injection than anticipated based on models that only incorporate absolute fault rock permeabilities. To avoid high pressures, which may lead to hydrofracturing and CO2 leakage, either more complex injection strategies need to be adopted or seismic data acquired to ensure the absence of faults in aquifers selected for CO2 storage.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 10
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    Interactions and growth of faults in an outcrop-scale system (2016)
    Geological Society (of London)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-12
    Description: Fault growth could be achieved by (1) synchronous increases in displacement and length or (2) rapid fault propagation succeeded by displacement-dominated growth. The second of these growth models (here referred to as the constant length model) is rarely applied to small outcrop-scale faults, yet it can account for many of the geometric and kinematic attributes of these faults. The constant length growth model is supported here using displacement profiles, displacement–length relationships and tip geometries for a system of small strike-slip faults (lengths of 1–200 m and maximum displacements of 0.001–3 m) exposed in a coastal platform in New Zealand. Displacement profiles have variable shapes that mainly reflect varying degrees of fault interaction. Increasing average displacement gradients with increasing fault size (maximum displacement and length) may indicate that the degree of interaction increases with fault size. Horsetail and synthetic splays confined to fault-tip regions are compatible with little fault propagation during much of the growth history. Fault displacements and tip geometries are consistent with a two-stage growth process initially dominated by propagation followed by displacement accumulation on faults with near-constant lengths. Retardation of propagation may arise due to fault interactions and associated reduction of tip stresses, with the early transition from propagation- to displacement-dominated growth stages produced by fault-system saturation (i.e. the onset of interactions between all faults). The constant length growth model accounts for different fault types over a range of scales and may have wide application.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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