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  • 1
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    Reassessment and update of long-term trends in downward surface shortwave radiation over Europe (1939-2012) (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-27
    Description: This paper presents trends in downward surface shortwave radiation (SSR) over Europe, which are based on the 56 longest series available from the Global Energy Balance Archive (GEBA) that are mainly concentrated in central Europe. Special emphasis has been placed on both ensuring the temporal homogeneity and including the most recent years in the dataset. We have generated, for the first time, composite time series for Europe covering the period 1939-2012, which have been studied by means of running trend analysis. The mean annual SSR series shows an increase from the late 1930s to the early 1950s (i.e., early brightening), followed by a reduction until mid-1980s (i.e., global dimming) and a subsequent increase up to the early-2000s (i.e., global brightening). The series ends with a tendency of stabilization since the early 21 st century, but the short time period is insufficient with regard to establishing whether a change in the trend is actually emerging over Europe. Seasonal and regional variations are also presented, which highlight that similar variations are obtained for most of the seasons and regions across Europe. In fact, due to the strong spatial correlation in the SSR series, few series are enough to capture almost the same interannual and decadal variability as using a dense network of stations. Decadal variations of the SSR are expected to have an impact on the modulation of the temperatures and other processes over Europe linked with changes in the hydrological cycle, agriculture production, or natural ecosystems. For a better dissemination of the time series developed in this study, the dataset is freely available for scientific purposes.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Directing cell therapy to anatomic target sites in vivo with magnetic resonance targeting (2015)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-20
    Description: Article Cell therapy requires the targeting of cells to specific sites in the body. Here Muthana et al. use a standard MRI scanner to direct oncolytic macrophages, labelled with magnetic nanoparticles, to primary and metastatic tumour sites in mice, and demonstrate that this leads to reduced tumour growth. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms9009 Authors: Munitta Muthana, Aneurin J. Kennerley, Russell Hughes, Ester Fagnano, Jay Richardson, Melanie Paul, Craig Murdoch, Fiona Wright, Christopher Payne, Mark F. Lythgoe, Neil Farrow, Jon Dobson, Joe Conner, Jim M. Wild, Claire Lewis
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 3
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    Relationship Between Sunshine Duration and Temperature Trends Across Europe Since the Second Half of the 20th Century (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-07
    Description: Global radiation is a fundamental source of energy in the climate system. A significant impact of global radiation on temperature change is expected due to the widespread dimming/brightening phenomenon observed since the second half of the 20th century. This work describes the analysis of 312 stations with sunshine duration (SD) series, a proxy for global radiation, and temperature series in the European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) with data over the period 1961–2010. The relationship between SD and temperature series is analysed for four temperature variables: maximum (Tmax), minimum (Tmin), mean temperature (Tmean), and diurnal temperature range (DTR). The analyses are performed on annual and seasonal basis. The results show strong positive correlations between SD and temperatures over Europe, with highest correlation for DTR and Tmax during the summer period. These results confirm the strong relationship between SD and temperature trends over Europe since the second half of the 20th century. This study supports previous suggestions that dimming (brightening) has partially decreased (increased) temperatures thereby modulating the greenhouse gas induced warming rates over Europe.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 4
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    An imperative to monitor Earth's energy imbalance (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-28
    Description: The current Earth's energy imbalance (EEI) is mostly caused by human activity, and is driving global warming. The absolute value of EEI represents the most fundamental metric defining the status of global climate change, and will be more useful than using global surface temperature. EEI can best be estimated from changes in ocean heat content, complemented by radiation measurements from space. Sustained observations from the Argo array of autonomous profiling floats and further development of the ocean observing system to sample the deep ocean, marginal seas and sea ice regions are crucial to refining future estimates of EEI. Combining multiple measurements in an optimal way holds considerable promise for estimating EEI and thus assessing the status of global climate change, improving climate syntheses and models, and testing the effectiveness of mitigation actions. Progress can be achieved with a concerted international effort. Nature Climate Change 6 138 doi: 10.1038/nclimate2876
    Print ISSN: 1758-678X
    Electronic ISSN: 1758-6798
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 5
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    Mixed-layer ocean responses to anthropogenic aerosol dimming from 1870 to 2000 (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-27
    Description: It is debated, to what extent surface solar radiation (SSR) changes through varying anthropogenic aerosol emissions since industrialization affected surface temperatures (tsurf). We use mixed-layer ocean (MLO) experiments with the general circulation model ECHAM6.1 and explicit aerosols (HAM2.2) to identify regions where this effect is discernible. For each decade from 1870 to 2000 we derive three equilibria: anthropogenic aerosol emissions and greenhouse gas concentrations at the respective decade's levels (ALL), either aerosols or greenhouse gases fixed at year 1850 levels (GHG and AERO). We duplicated parts of the experiments with different prescribed divergence of ocean heat transport (Q_ALL, Q_AERO, Q_GHG). Comparing year 2000 with year 1870 equilibria, we find global average cooling of -1.4K for AERO, and warming of 1.4K for GHG. ALL and Q_ALL warm by 0.6K and 0.4K, respectively. The way divergence of ocean heat transport is prescribed thus matters. Pattern correlations of year 2000 tsurf responses in ALL with the sum of AERO and GHG are higher (0.88) than with Q_ALL (0.71) confirming additivity of global patterns, but not of global means. The imprint of anthropogenic aerosols on tsurf response patterns in ALL is distinct, thus potentially detectable. Over the decades, ocean fractions affected by either changing aerosol optical depth or all-sky SSR vary in concert, supporting linkage between anthropogenic aerosols and all-sky SSR. SSR changes and tsurf responses are marginally collocated. Oceanic regions with strongest tsurf response to aerosol-induced SSR changes are the northern mid-latitudes and North Pacific with tsurf sensitivities up to -0.7K per W m −2 SSR change.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Causes for decadal variations of wind speed over land: Sensitivity studies with a global climate model (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-06-02
    Description: Over the past 30 years, observations indicate a decline of about −0.3 m/s in the northern mid-latitudes land surface wind speed. The picture is less conclusive for the Southern Hemisphere and over the oceans. Such a stilling can affect surface evaporation and climate feedback processes, and may impact technical applications such as wind power. Using an atmospheric global climate model, we perform sensitivity experiments for the period 1870–2005 to assess the role of changing roughness length, aerosol emissions, sea surface temperature, and greenhouse gas concentrations in surface wind speed changes. The wind speed trends simulated by the model generally underestimate the observed trends (land and ocean). Over land, the model can reproduce the observed stilling by increasing the roughness length by a factor of 1.2 to 4.9, depending on region. The other forcings examined can also decrease the 10 m wind speeds (up to 15% of observed values in Europe), particularly those related to increasing aerosol emissions (up to −0.2 m/s in India). Compared to observations, the simulated impact of climate forcings on global wind speeds over land and ocean is however small and not always significant.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Impact of Greenland's topographic height on precipitation and snow accumulation in idealized simulations (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-05-03
    Description: The Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) is one of the most dominant orographic obstacles for atmospheric flow in the Northern Hemisphere. Within an idealized framework, we investigate the potential impact of a reduced Greenland topography upon precipitation, snow accumulation, and atmospheric circulation over the GrIS. Using the global atmospheric model ECHAM5-HAM at about 1° spatial resolution (T106) and with present-day climatological mean conditions, we perform four 16-year sensitivity experiments that are identical except for the height of the GrIS topography: one control simulation with the present-day Greenland topography, and three simulations with topographies reduced to 75%, 50%, and 25% of the present-day height. This simple reduction of the GrIS topography (as compared to realistic melt dynamics) leads to an overall increase in annual total precipitation and snow accumulation, composed of significant increases in eastern, northern, and central Greenland and decreases on the western slopes. In principle, this gain in snow accumulation raises the possibility of a negative feedback that would stabilize the height of the GrIS. However, this feedback is likely overcompensated by enhanced ablation (positive feedback), as surface air temperatures strongly increase with reduced topographic height. The analysis of changes in circulation patterns indicates that flatter topographies allow the atmospheric flow to penetrate farther inland, enabling precipitation in regions that are presently desert-like. Prominent circulation features change, in particular the all-season Greenland Anticyclone and wintertime Icelandic Low become weaker with lower topography.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Aerosol emissions and dimming/brightening in Europe: Sensitivity studies with ECHAM5-HAM (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-03
    Description: Observational data indicate a decrease of surface solar radiation (SSR) in Europe from about 1950 to the mid-1980s, followed by a renewed increase. Changing aerosol emissions have been suggested as a likely cause for this observed dimming and brightening. To quantify this hypothesis, we performed ensembles of transient sensitivity experiments with the global climate model ECHAM5-HAM, which includes interactive treatment of aerosols. The simulations cover the period 1950–2005 and use transient aerosol emissions (National Institute of Environmental Science, Japan) and prescribed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) from the Hadley Centre. The simulated clear-sky dimming and brightening can be attributed to changing aerosol emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Ensemble means of modeled SSR trends are in agreement with observed values. Dimming ceases too early in the model, around 1970. Potential causes are discussed. Brightening sets in at about the right time. Regional differences of modeled SSR are substantial, with clear-sky dimming trends ranging from −6.1 (eastern Europe) to −0.4 W m−2 decade−1 (British Isles) and brightening trends ranging from +1.3 to +6.3 W m−2 decade−1 (Scandinavia and eastern Europe). All-sky conditions show similar trends in the ensemble mean, but the spread among ensemble members is considerable, emphasizing the importance of clouds. Surface temperatures are found to depend mostly on the prescribed SSTs, with an additional aerosol component in some regions like eastern Europe. For precipitation, internal variability is too large to allow for any firm conclusions.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 9
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    Implementation and evaluation of aerosol and cloud microphysics in a regional climate model (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-01-28
    Description: A new aerosol modeling framework is presented within the regional climate model COSMO-CLM. The model accounts for the microphysical interactions of internally and externally mixed aerosol particles. Sulfate, black carbon, particulate organic matter, sea salt, and mineral dust are considered. The model is applied over Europe at a horizontal resolution of 50 km. The lateral boundary conditions are given by the ERA-Interim reanalysis for the meteorological fields and by a global ECHAM5-HAM simulation for the aerosols. Present-day AeroCom emissions are used for the evaluation period from 1997 to 2003. The model largely reproduces the annual mean pattern of the aerosol optical depth derived from satellite data over Europe (model and observed domain mean is 0.17, but it is 0.37 with standard model version). The annual cycle is overestimated in COSMO-CLM in some regions due to strong dust transport across the Mediterranean in late spring. Day-to-day variability in aerosol optical depth and the Angstrom exponent is also captured by the model. The corresponding correlations of the daily mean time series between measurements from AERONET stations and the model range from 0.17 to 0.74. In comparison with the standard model version, which does not account for aerosol transport and indirect aerosol effects and uses an outdated aerosol climatology, the mid-European summer cold bias disappears with the new framework. The new framework allows studies of mesoscale interactions between aerosols, clouds, precipitation, and radiation on climatological time scales due to the advanced physical representation of the underlying processes.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Simulation of dimming and brightening in Europe from 1958 to 2001 using a regional climate model (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-09-23
    Description: The present study applies a regional climate model with coupled aerosol microphysics and transport in order to simulate dimming and brightening in Europe from 1958 to 2001. Two simulations are performed, one with transient emissions and another with climatological mean emissions over the same period. Both simulations are driven at the lateral boundaries by the ERA-40 reanalysis and by large-scale aerosol concentrations stemming from a global simulation. We find distinct patterns of dimming and brightening in the aerosol optical depth and thus clear-sky downward surface shortwave radiation (SSR) in all analyzed subregions. The strongest brightening between 1973 and 1998 under clear-sky conditions is found in mid-Europe (+3.4 W m−2 per decade, in line with observations). However, the simulated all-sky SSR is dominated by the surface shortwave cloud radiative forcing (CRF). The correlation coefficient R between 5 year moving averages of the CRF and all-sky SSR equals 0.87 for all of Europe. Both model simulations show a similar evolution of cloud fraction and thus all-sky SSR due to the constrained circulation induced by the reanalysis at the lateral boundaries. For most subregions, the modeled differences in all-sky SSR due to transient versus climatological emissions are insignificant in comparison with estimates of the model's internal variability.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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