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  • 1
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    Ultrafast free-carrier dynamics in Cu2ZnSnS4 single crystals studied using femtosecond time-resolved optical spectroscopy (2014)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-10
    Description: We studied the dynamics of photogenerated carriers in Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) single crystals using femtosecond transient reflectivity (TR) and optical pump-THz probe transient absorption (THz-TA) spectroscopy. The TR and THz-TA decay dynamics consistently showed that free carriers have long lifetimes of up to a few nanoseconds. The excitation-photon-energy-dependent TR measurements revealed a slow picosecond energy relaxation of free carriers to the band edge in CZTS. The relaxation and recombination dynamics of free carriers were affected by nonradiative recombinations at the surface. Our results revealed a global feature of energy relaxation and recombination processes of free carriers in CZTS single crystals.
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 2
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    Grafted human-induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived neurospheres promote motor functional recovery after spinal cord in&jnodot;ury in mice [Neuroscience] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-05
    Description: Once their safety is confirmed, human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), which do not entail ethical concerns, may become a preferred cell source for regenerative medicine. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of transplanting hiPSC-derived neurospheres (hiPSC-NSs) into nonobese diabetic (NOD)-severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice to treat spinal cord injury (SCI). For this, we used a hiPSC clone (201B7), established by transducing four reprogramming factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) into adult human fibroblasts. Grafted hiPSC-NSs survived, migrated, and differentiated into the three major neural lineages (neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes) within the injured spinal cord. They showed both cell-autonomous and noncell-autonomous (trophic) effects, including synapse formation between hiPSC-NS–derived neurons and host mouse neurons, expression of neurotrophic factors, angiogenesis, axonal regrowth, and increased amounts of myelin in the injured area. These positive effects resulted in significantly better functional recovery compared with vehicle-treated control animals, and the recovery persisted through the end of the observation period, 112 d post-SCI. No tumor formation was observed in the hiPSC-NS–grafted mice. These findings suggest that hiPSCs give rise to neural stem/progenitor cells that support improved function post-SCI and are a promising cell source for its treatment.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 3
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    Long-duration γ ray emissions from 2007 and 2008 winter thunderstorms (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-14
    Description: The Gamma-Ray Observation of Winter Thunderclouds (GROWTH) experiment, consisting of two radiation detection subsystems, has been operating since 2006 on the premises of Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear power plant located at the coastal area of Japan Sea. By February 2010, GROWTH detected seven long-duration γ ray emissions associated with winter thunderstorms. Of them, two events, obtained on 13 December 2007 and 25 December 2008, are reported. On both occasions, all inorganic scintillators (NaI, CsI, and BGO) of the two subsystems detected significant γ ray signals lasting for 〉1 min. Neither of these two events were associated with any lightning. In both cases, the γ ray energy spectra extend to 10 MeV, suggesting that the detected γ rays are produced by relativistic electrons via bremsstrahlung. Assuming that the initial photon spectrum at the source is expressed by a power law function, the observed photons can be interpreted as being radiated from a source located at a distance of 290–560 m for the 2007 event and 110–690 m for the 2008 one, both at the 90% confidence level. Employing these photon spectra, the number of relativistic electrons is estimated as 109–1011. The estimation generally agrees with those calculated on the basis of the relativistic runaway electron avalanche model. A GROWTH photon spectrum, summed over three individual events including the present two events and another reported previously, has similar features including a cutoff energy, to an averaged spectrum of terrestrial γ ray flashes.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Control of light emission by 3D photonic crystals (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-06-05
    Description: Three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals containing artificial point defects have been fabricated to emit light at optical communications wavelengths. They were constructed by stacking 0.7-micrometer-period gallium arsenide striped layers, resulting in a 3D "woodpile" photonic crystal. Indium-gallium arsenide-phosphide quantum-well layers emitting at a wavelength of 1.55 micrometers were incorporated in the center of the crystal. Samples having up to nine stacked layers were constructed, and artificial point-defect cavities of different sizes were formed in the light-emitting layer. Light emission was suppressed in the photonic crystal regions, whereas cavity modes were successfully observed at the point defects and were size dependent.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ogawa, Shinpei -- Imada, Masahiro -- Yoshimoto, Susumu -- Okano, Makoto -- Noda, Susumu -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 9;305(5681):227-9. Epub 2004 Jun 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15178750" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    On-ground detection of an electron-positron annihilation line from thunderclouds (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-17
    Description: Author(s): D. Umemoto, H. Tsuchiya, T. Enoto, S. Yamada, T. Yuasa, M. Kawaharada, T. Kitaguchi, K. Nakazawa, M. Kokubun, H. Kato, M. Okano, T. Tamagawa, and K. Makishima Thunderclouds can produce bremsstrahlung gamma-ray emission, and sometimes even positrons. At 00:27:00 (UT) on 13 January 2012, an intense burst of gamma rays from a thundercloud was detected by the GROWTH experiment, located in Japan, facing the Sea of Japan. The event started with a sharp gamma-ra… [Phys. Rev. E 93, 021201(R)] Published Tue Feb 16, 2016
    Keywords: Plasma Physics
    Print ISSN: 1539-3755
    Electronic ISSN: 1550-2376
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 6
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    Superelastic effect in polycrystalline ferrous alloys (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-02
    Description: In superelastic alloys, large deformation can revert to a memorized shape after removing the stress. However, the stress increases with increasing temperature, which limits the practical use over a wide temperature range. Polycrystalline Fe-Mn-Al-Ni shape memory alloys show a small temperature dependence of the superelastic stress because of a small transformation entropy change brought about by a magnetic contribution to the Gibbs energies. For one alloy composition, the superelastic stress varies by 0.53 megapascal/ degrees C over a temperature range from -196 to 240 degrees C.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Omori, T -- Ando, K -- Okano, M -- Xu, X -- Tanaka, Y -- Ohnuma, I -- Kainuma, R -- Ishida, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 1;333(6038):68-71. doi: 10.1126/science.1202232.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-02 Aoba-yama, Sendai 980-8579, Japan. omori@material.tohoku.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21719673" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Hardening and Termination of Long-Duration γ Rays Detected Prior to Lightning (2013)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-02
    Description: Author(s): H. Tsuchiya, T. Enoto, K. Iwata, S. Yamada, T. Yuasa, T. Kitaguchi, M. Kawaharada, K. Nakazawa, M. Kokubun, H. Kato, M. Okano, T. Tamagawa, and K. Makishima We report the first observation of 3–30 MeV prolonged gamma-ray emission that was abruptly terminated by lightning. The gamma-ray detection was made during winter thunderstorms on December 30, 2010, by the Gamma-Ray Observation of Winter Thunderclouds experiment carried out in a coastal area along t... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 015001] Published Mon Jul 01, 2013
    Keywords: Plasma and Beam Physics
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
    Electronic ISSN: 1079-7114
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 8
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    Ultrastructure of blood and lymphatic vascular networks in three-dimensional cultured tissues fabricated by extracellular matrix nanofilm-based cell accumulation technique (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-14
    Description: Cell accumulation technique is an extracellular matrix (ECM) nanofilm-based tissue-constructing method that enables formation of multilayered hybrid culture tissues. In this method, ECM-nanofilm is constructed using layer-by-layer assembly of fibronectin and gelatin on culture cells. The ECM-nanofilm promotes cell-to-cell interaction; then the three-dimensional (3D) multilayered tissue can be constructed with morphological change of the cells mimicking living tissues. By using this method, we have successfully produced tubular networks of human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLECs) in 3D multilayered normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). This study demonstrated morphological characteristics of the vascular networks in the engineered tissues by using light and electron microscopy. In light microscopy, HUVECs and HDLECs formed luminal structures such as native blood and lymphatic capillaries, respectively. Electron microscopy showed distinct ultrastructural aspects of the vasculature of HUVECs or HDLECs with intermediated NHDFs and abundant ECM. The vasculature constructed by HUVECs exhibited structures similar to native blood capillaries, involving overlapping endothelial connections with adherens junctions, abundant vesicles in the endothelial cells and basement membrane-like structure. The detection of laminin around HUVEC-constructed vessels supported the presence of perivascular basal lamina. The vasculature constructed by HDLECs showed some ultrastructural characteristics similar to those of native lymphatic capillaries such as irregular vascular shape, loose adhesive connection and gap formation between endothelial cells. In conclusion, our novel vascular network models fabricated by the cell accumulation technique provide highly organized blood and lymphatic capillary networks mimicking the vasculatures in vivo .
    Print ISSN: 0022-0744
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-9986
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Japanese Electron Microscopy Society.
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  • 9
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    Proposing a new RNA quadruplex structure: j-motif, with possible links to neural development (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-29
    Description: An RNA-binding protein, hnRNP K, has been studied extensively because of its involvement in neural development through the post-transcriptional regulation of its downstream target genes; however, its binding mode remains unclear. According to structural features of the binding sites, we have presumed the existence of possible unique structures ‘j-motifs’ that are similar to known i-motifs, the difference being that the initial cluster comprises successive U nucleic acids instead of C. It was suspected that the motifs could be recognized by hnRNP K to regulate the translation levels of target proteins, however, there were virtually no methods to verify their existence except computational methods: regular expression searches and theoretical molecular orbital (MO) calculations. Here, we first show a list of 16 genes having j-motif-like sequences we discovered under refined search conditions. The list was highly related to neural development from both subjective and objective aspects. Additionally, MO calculations revealed the similarity of non-canonical base pairs found in i- and j-motifs qualitatively, leading to a proposal of the possible existence of the j-motifs. When taken into consideration, it was indicated that the j-motifs could be formed and play some role in the neural development.
    Print ISSN: 0021-924X
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-2651
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Japanese Biochemical Society (JBS).
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  • 10
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    Single-cell bioluminescence imaging of deep tissue in freely moving animals (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-23
    Description: Bioluminescence is a natural light source based on luciferase catalysis of its substrate luciferin. We performed directed evolution on firefly luciferase using a red-shifted and highly deliverable luciferin analog to establish AkaBLI, an all-engineered bioluminescence in vivo imaging system. AkaBLI produced emissions in vivo that were brighter by a factor of 100 to 1000 than conventional systems, allowing noninvasive visualization of single cells deep inside freely moving animals. Single tumorigenic cells trapped in the mouse lung vasculature could be visualized. In the mouse brain, genetic labeling with neural activity sensors allowed tracking of small clusters of hippocampal neurons activated by novel environments. In a marmoset, we recorded video-rate bioluminescence from neurons in the striatum, a deep brain area, for more than 1 year. AkaBLI is therefore a bioengineered light source to spur unprecedented scientific, medical, and industrial applications.
    Keywords: Cell Biology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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