ALBERT

Description: I discuss briefly in this review, dedicated to the centenary of the birth of the great neutrino physicist Bruno Pontecorvo, the following ideas he proposed: (i) the radiochemical method of neutrino detection; (ii) the universality of the weak interaction; (iii) the accelerator neutrino experiment which allowed to prove that muon and electron neutrinos are different particles (the Brookhaven experiment). I consider in some details Pontecorvo's pioneering idea of neutrino masses, mixing, and oscillations and the development of this idea by Pontecorvo, by Pontecorvo and Gribov, and by Pontecorvo and myself.

Description: Author(s): F. Šimkovic, S. M. Bilenky, Amand Faessler, and Th. Gutsche In view of recent measurements of the mixing angle θ 13 , we investigate the possibility to determine the difference of two C P Majorana phases of the neutrino mixing matrix from the study of neutrinoless double-beta decay. We show that if cosmological measurements will reach the sensitivity of 0.1 eV ... [Phys. Rev. D 87, 073002] Published Fri Apr 05, 2013

Description: The reference human genome sequence set the stage for studies of genetic variation and its association with human disease, but epigenomic studies lack a similar reference. To address this need, the NIH Roadmap Epigenomics Consortium generated the largest collection so far of human epigenomes for primary cells and tissues. Here we describe the integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes generated as part of the programme, profiled for histone modification patterns, DNA accessibility, DNA methylation and RNA expression. We establish global maps of regulatory elements, define regulatory modules of coordinated activity, and their likely activators and repressors. We show that disease- and trait-associated genetic variants are enriched in tissue-specific epigenomic marks, revealing biologically relevant cell types for diverse human traits, and providing a resource for interpreting the molecular basis of human disease. Our results demonstrate the central role of epigenomic information for understanding gene regulation, cellular differentiation and human disease.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4530010/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4530010/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roadmap Epigenomics Consortium -- Kundaje, Anshul -- Meuleman, Wouter -- Ernst, Jason -- Bilenky, Misha -- Yen, Angela -- Heravi-Moussavi, Alireza -- Kheradpour, Pouya -- Zhang, Zhizhuo -- Wang, Jianrong -- Ziller, Michael J -- Amin, Viren -- Whitaker, John W -- Schultz, Matthew D -- Ward, Lucas D -- Sarkar, Abhishek -- Quon, Gerald -- Sandstrom, Richard S -- Eaton, Matthew L -- Wu, Yi-Chieh -- Pfenning, Andreas R -- Wang, Xinchen -- Claussnitzer, Melina -- Liu, Yaping -- Coarfa, Cristian -- Harris, R Alan -- Shoresh, Noam -- Epstein, Charles B -- Gjoneska, Elizabeta -- Leung, Danny -- Xie, Wei -- Hawkins, R David -- Lister, Ryan -- Hong, Chibo -- Gascard, Philippe -- Mungall, Andrew J -- Moore, Richard -- Chuah, Eric -- Tam, Angela -- Canfield, Theresa K -- Hansen, R Scott -- Kaul, Rajinder -- Sabo, Peter J -- Bansal, Mukul S -- Carles, Annaick -- Dixon, Jesse R -- Farh, Kai-How -- Feizi, Soheil -- Karlic, Rosa -- Kim, Ah-Ram -- Kulkarni, Ashwinikumar -- Li, Daofeng -- Lowdon, Rebecca -- Elliott, GiNell -- Mercer, Tim R -- Neph, Shane J -- Onuchic, Vitor -- Polak, Paz -- Rajagopal, Nisha -- Ray, Pradipta -- Sallari, Richard C -- Siebenthall, Kyle T -- Sinnott-Armstrong, Nicholas A -- Stevens, Michael -- Thurman, Robert E -- Wu, Jie -- Zhang, Bo -- Zhou, Xin -- Beaudet, Arthur E -- Boyer, Laurie A -- De Jager, Philip L -- Farnham, Peggy J -- Fisher, Susan J -- Haussler, David -- Jones, Steven J M -- Li, Wei -- Marra, Marco A -- McManus, Michael T -- Sunyaev, Shamil -- Thomson, James A -- Tlsty, Thea D -- Tsai, Li-Huei -- Wang, Wei -- Waterland, Robert A -- Zhang, Michael Q -- Chadwick, Lisa H -- Bernstein, Bradley E -- Costello, Joseph F -- Ecker, Joseph R -- Hirst, Martin -- Meissner, Alexander -- Milosavljevic, Aleksandar -- Ren, Bing -- Stamatoyannopoulos, John A -- Wang, Ting -- Kellis, Manolis -- 5R24HD000836/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- ES017166/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- F32 HL110473/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- F32HL110473/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- K99 HL119617/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- K99HL119617/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA008227/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P30AG10161/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P50 MH096890/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG015819/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG017917/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 ES024984/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- R01 ES024992/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG004037/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG007175/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG007354/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01AG15819/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01AG17917/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01HG004037/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01HG004037-S1/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01NS078839/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- RC1HG005334/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- RF1 AG015819/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- T32 ES007032/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007198/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007266/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM081739/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 ES017154/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- U01AG46152/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- U01DA025956/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- U01ES017154/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- U01ES017155/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- U01ES017156/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- U01ES017166/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Feb 19;518(7539):317-30. doi: 10.1038/nature14248.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32 Vassar St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. [2] The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [3] Department of Genetics, Department of Computer Science, 300 Pasteur Dr., Lane Building, L301, Stanford, California 94305-5120, USA. ; 1] Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32 Vassar St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. [2] The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; 1] Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32 Vassar St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. [2] The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [3] Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 615 Charles E Young Dr South, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. ; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada. ; 1] The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [2] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. ; Epigenome Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genomic Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. ; Genomic Analysis Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute &The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. ; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; 1] Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32 Vassar St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. [2] The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [3] Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; 1] The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [2] The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; 1] Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genomic Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. [2] Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. ; Department of Neurosurgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 1450 3rd Street, San Francisco, California 94158, USA. ; Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143-0511, USA. ; Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, 2211 Elliot Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98121, USA. ; 1] Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32 Vassar St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. [2] The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [3] Department of Computer Science &Engineering, University of Connecticut, 371 Fairfield Way, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA. ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, 2125 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada. ; Bioinformatics Group, Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. ; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Center for Systems Biology, The University of Texas, Dallas, NSERL, RL10, 800 W Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA. ; Department of Genetics, Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis, 4444 Forest Park Ave, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA. ; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. ; 1] The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [2] Brigham &Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Department of Genetics, Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis, 4444 Forest Park Ave, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA. [2] Department of Computer Science and Engineeering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA. ; 1] Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3600, USA. [2] Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA. ; Molecular and Human Genetics Department, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ; Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; 1] The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [2] Brigham &Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, California 90089-9601, USA. ; ObGyn, Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, California 94143, USA. ; Center for Biomolecular Sciences and Engineering, University of Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA. ; 1] Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada. [2] Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada. [3] Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4. ; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ; 1] Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada. [2] Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4. ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, California 94143-0534, USA. ; 1] University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA. [2] Morgridge Institute for Research, 330 N. Orchard Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53707, USA. ; USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ; 1] Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Center for Systems Biology, The University of Texas, Dallas, NSERL, RL10, 800 W Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA. [2] Bioinformatics Division, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, TNLIST, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. ; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA. ; 1] The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [2] Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. [3] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815-6789, USA. ; 1] Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada. [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, 2125 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25693563" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The development of targeted anti-cancer therapies through the study of cancer genomes is intended to increase survival rates and decrease treatment-related toxicity. We treated a transposon-driven, functional genomic mouse model of medulloblastoma with 'humanized' in vivo therapy (microneurosurgical tumour resection followed by multi-fractionated, image-guided radiotherapy). Genetic events in recurrent murine medulloblastoma exhibit a very poor overlap with those in matched murine diagnostic samples (〈5%). Whole-genome sequencing of 33 pairs of human diagnostic and post-therapy medulloblastomas demonstrated substantial genetic divergence of the dominant clone after therapy (〈12% diagnostic events were retained at recurrence). In both mice and humans, the dominant clone at recurrence arose through clonal selection of a pre-existing minor clone present at diagnosis. Targeted therapy is unlikely to be effective in the absence of the target, therefore our results offer a simple, proximal, and remediable explanation for the failure of prior clinical trials of targeted therapy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morrissy, A Sorana -- Garzia, Livia -- Shih, David J H -- Zuyderduyn, Scott -- Huang, Xi -- Skowron, Patryk -- Remke, Marc -- Cavalli, Florence M G -- Ramaswamy, Vijay -- Lindsay, Patricia E -- Jelveh, Salomeh -- Donovan, Laura K -- Wang, Xin -- Luu, Betty -- Zayne, Kory -- Li, Yisu -- Mayoh, Chelsea -- Thiessen, Nina -- Mercier, Eloi -- Mungall, Karen L -- Ma, Yusanne -- Tse, Kane -- Zeng, Thomas -- Shumansky, Karey -- Roth, Andrew J L -- Shah, Sohrab -- Farooq, Hamza -- Kijima, Noriyuki -- Holgado, Borja L -- Lee, John J Y -- Matan-Lithwick, Stuart -- Liu, Jessica -- Mack, Stephen C -- Manno, Alex -- Michealraj, K A -- Nor, Carolina -- Peacock, John -- Qin, Lei -- Reimand, Juri -- Rolider, Adi -- Thompson, Yuan Y -- Wu, Xiaochong -- Pugh, Trevor -- Ally, Adrian -- Bilenky, Mikhail -- Butterfield, Yaron S N -- Carlsen, Rebecca -- Cheng, Young -- Chuah, Eric -- Corbett, Richard D -- Dhalla, Noreen -- He, An -- Lee, Darlene -- Li, Haiyan I -- Long, William -- Mayo, Michael -- Plettner, Patrick -- Qian, Jenny Q -- Schein, Jacqueline E -- Tam, Angela -- Wong, Tina -- Birol, Inanc -- Zhao, Yongjun -- Faria, Claudia C -- Pimentel, Jose -- Nunes, Sofia -- Shalaby, Tarek -- Grotzer, Michael -- Pollack, Ian F -- Hamilton, Ronald L -- Li, Xiao-Nan -- Bendel, Anne E -- Fults, Daniel W -- Walter, Andrew W -- Kumabe, Toshihiro -- Tominaga, Teiji -- Collins, V Peter -- Cho, Yoon-Jae -- Hoffman, Caitlin -- Lyden, David -- Wisoff, Jeffrey H -- Garvin, James H Jr -- Stearns, Duncan S -- Massimi, Luca -- Schuller, Ulrich -- Sterba, Jaroslav -- Zitterbart, Karel -- Puget, Stephanie -- Ayrault, Olivier -- Dunn, Sandra E -- Tirapelli, Daniela P C -- Carlotti, Carlos G -- Wheeler, Helen -- Hallahan, Andrew R -- Ingram, Wendy -- MacDonald, Tobey J -- Olson, Jeffrey J -- Van Meir, Erwin G -- Lee, Ji-Yeoun -- Wang, Kyu-Chang -- Kim, Seung-Ki -- Cho, Byung-Kyu -- Pietsch, Torsten -- Fleischhack, Gudrun -- Tippelt, Stephan -- Ra, Young Shin -- Bailey, Simon -- Lindsey, Janet C -- Clifford, Steven C -- Eberhart, Charles G -- Cooper, Michael K -- Packer, Roger J -- Massimino, Maura -- Garre, Maria Luisa -- Bartels, Ute -- Tabori, Uri -- Hawkins, Cynthia E -- Dirks, Peter -- Bouffet, Eric -- Rutka, James T -- Wechsler-Reya, Robert J -- Weiss, William A -- Collier, Lara S -- Dupuy, Adam J -- Korshunov, Andrey -- Jones, David T W -- Kool, Marcel -- Northcott, Paul A -- Pfister, Stefan M -- Largaespada, David A -- Mungall, Andrew J -- Moore, Richard A -- Jabado, Nada -- Bader, Gary D -- Jones, Steven J M -- Malkin, David -- Marra, Marco A -- Taylor, Michael D -- R01 CA163722/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS096236/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01CA148699/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01CA159859/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 21;529(7586):351-7. doi: 10.1038/nature16478. Epub 2016 Jan 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Developmental &Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada. ; The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada. ; The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada. ; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Dusseldorf, M5S 3E1, Germany. ; Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada. ; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada. ; Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada. ; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada. ; Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada. ; Center for Stem Cell &Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA. ; Clinical Genomics Research Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario 44195, Canada. ; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada. ; School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada. ; Division of Neurosurgery, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon 1649-035, Portugal. ; Divison of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon 1649-035, Portugal. ; Unidade de Neuro-Oncologia Pediatrica, Instituto Portugues de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon 1099-023, Portugal. ; Departments of Oncology and Neuro-Oncology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich 8032, Switzerland. ; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA. ; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. ; Brain Tumor Program, Children's Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ; Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55404, USA. ; Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA. ; A I duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, USA. ; Department of Neurosurgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan. ; Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan. ; Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK. ; Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Departments of Pediatrics, Cell &Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA. ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA. ; Department of Pediatrics-Hematology and Oncology, Rainbow Babies &Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics-Hematology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA. ; Pediatric Neurosurgery, Catholic University Medical School, Rome 00198, Italy. ; Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munich 81377, Germany. ; Department of Pediatric Oncology, School of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic. ; AP-HP, Department of Neurosurgery, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Universite Rene Descartes, Paris 75743, France. ; Signaling in Development and Brain Tumors, CNRS UMR 3347 / INSERM U1021, Institut Curie, Paris Cedex 5 91405, France. ; Division of Hematology/Oncology, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3V4, Canada. ; Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil, Rebeirao Preto, Sao Paulo 14049-900, Brazil. ; Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2065, Australia. ; Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Children's Health Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia. ; Division of Oncology, Children's Health Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia. ; UQ Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4029, Australia. ; Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Program, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30307, USA. ; Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. ; Department of Hematology &Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. ; Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul 30322, South Korea. ; Institute for Neuropathology, University of Bonn D-53105, Germany. ; Children's University Hospital of Essen D-45147, Germany. ; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea. ; Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK. ; Departments of Pathology, Ophthalmology and Oncology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. ; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-8550, USA. ; Department of Neurology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC 20010-2970, USA. ; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan 20133, Italy. ; U.O. Neurochirurgia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova 16147, Italy. ; Department of Haematology &Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada. ; Division of Pathology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada. ; Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. ; Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA. ; School of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA. ; Molecular &Cellular Biology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA. ; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany. ; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany. ; Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany. ; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. ; Division of Hematology/Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1S6., Canada. ; McLaughlin Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research and Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada. ; Department of Molecular Biology &Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia M5G 1L7, Canada. ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26760213" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Although it is known that the methylation of DNA in 5' promoters suppresses gene expression, the role of DNA methylation in gene bodies is unclear. In mammals, tissue- and cell type-specific methylation is present in a small percentage of 5' CpG island (CGI) promoters, whereas a far greater proportion occurs across gene bodies, coinciding with highly conserved sequences. Tissue-specific intragenic methylation might reduce, or, paradoxically, enhance transcription elongation efficiency. Capped analysis of gene expression (CAGE) experiments also indicate that transcription commonly initiates within and between genes. To investigate the role of intragenic methylation, we generated a map of DNA methylation from the human brain encompassing 24.7 million of the 28 million CpG sites. From the dense, high-resolution coverage of CpG islands, the majority of methylated CpG islands were shown to be in intragenic and intergenic regions, whereas less than 3% of CpG islands in 5' promoters were methylated. The CpG islands in all three locations overlapped with RNA markers of transcription initiation, and unmethylated CpG islands also overlapped significantly with trimethylation of H3K4, a histone modification enriched at promoters. The general and CpG-island-specific patterns of methylation are conserved in mouse tissues. An in-depth investigation of the human SHANK3 locus and its mouse homologue demonstrated that this tissue-specific DNA methylation regulates intragenic promoter activity in vitro and in vivo. These methylation-regulated, alternative transcripts are expressed in a tissue- and cell type-specific manner, and are expressed differentially within a single cell type from distinct brain regions. These results support a major role for intragenic methylation in regulating cell context-specific alternative promoters in gene bodies.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3998662/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3998662/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maunakea, Alika K -- Nagarajan, Raman P -- Bilenky, Mikhail -- Ballinger, Tracy J -- D'Souza, Cletus -- Fouse, Shaun D -- Johnson, Brett E -- Hong, Chibo -- Nielsen, Cydney -- Zhao, Yongjun -- Turecki, Gustavo -- Delaney, Allen -- Varhol, Richard -- Thiessen, Nina -- Shchors, Ksenya -- Heine, Vivi M -- Rowitch, David H -- Xing, Xiaoyun -- Fiore, Chris -- Schillebeeckx, Maximiliaan -- Jones, Steven J M -- Haussler, David -- Marra, Marco A -- Hirst, Martin -- Wang, Ting -- Costello, Joseph F -- U01 ES017154/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jul 8;466(7303):253-7. doi: 10.1038/nature09165.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20613842" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Most human breast cancers have diversified genomically and biologically by the time they become clinically evident. Early events involved in their genesis and the cellular context in which these events occur have thus been difficult to characterize. Here we present the first formal evidence of the shared and independent ability of basal cells and luminal progenitors, isolated from normal human mammary tissue and transduced with a single oncogene (KRAS(G12D)), to produce serially transplantable, polyclonal, invasive ductal carcinomas within 8 weeks of being introduced either subrenally or subcutaneously into immunodeficient mice. DNA barcoding of the initial cells revealed a dramatic change in the numbers and sizes of clones generated from them within 2 weeks, and the first appearance of many 'new' clones in tumours passaged into secondary recipients. Both primary and secondary tumours were phenotypically heterogeneous and primary tumours were categorized transcriptionally as 'normal-like'. This system challenges previous concepts that carcinogenesis in normal human epithelia is necessarily a slow process requiring the acquisition of multiple driver mutations. It also presents the first description of initial events that accompany the genesis and evolution of malignant human mammary cell populations, thereby contributing new understanding of the rapidity with which heterogeneity in their properties can develop.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nguyen, Long V -- Pellacani, Davide -- Lefort, Sylvain -- Kannan, Nagarajan -- Osako, Tomo -- Makarem, Maisam -- Cox, Claire L -- Kennedy, William -- Beer, Philip -- Carles, Annaick -- Moksa, Michelle -- Bilenky, Misha -- Balani, Sneha -- Babovic, Sonja -- Sun, Ivan -- Rosin, Miriam -- Aparicio, Samuel -- Hirst, Martin -- Eaves, Connie J -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- England -- Nature. 2015 Dec 10;528(7581):267-71. doi: 10.1038/nature15742. Epub 2015 Dec 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada. ; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 2B5, Canada. ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada. ; Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada. ; Centre for High-Throughput Biology, Department of Microbiology &Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2125 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada. ; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada. ; Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada. ; Cancer Control Unit, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26633636" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉