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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for the existence of adiabatic energy loss in interplanetary space from observations of the decay of the February 25–March 2, 1969 series of solar cosmic ray events (1972)
    Springer
    Solar physics 26 (1972), S. 474-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The integral flux of low energy protons (〉 10 MeV) observed by the University of New Hampshire cosmic ray detector aboard the Pioneer 9 spaceprobe has been compared with similar measurements of the near-Earth spacecraft Explorer 34 during the decay phase of the February 25–March 2, 1969 series of solar cosmic ray events. At this time the Pioneer 9 spaceprobe was 0.8 AU from the Sun and close to the Sun-Earth radial line. The ratio of integral fluxes as measured by the separated spacecraft can be calculated theoretically during the convective phase of the decay of these events and will depend on whether energy loss processes are operative. A comparison of the observed and theoretically calculated ratios suggests that the adiabatic energy loss process is operative.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00165289
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relative abundance of the isotopes of Li, Be and B and the age of cosmic rays (1973)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 24 (1973), S. 17-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Using a balloon borne double dE/dx x total energy telescope we have determined the isotopic composition of cosmic ray Li, Be and B nuclei in the energy range 100–250 MeV nuc.−1. The measured mass resolution, σ for these nuclei is ∼0.3 AMU. The observed isotopic composition is in agreement with that predicted on the basis of interstellar fragmentation with the exception of a deficiency of Be10. If the low abundance of Be10 is attributed to the decay of this radioactive isotope we obtain a mean cosmic ray lifetime of (3.4 −1.3 +3.4 )×106 yr.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00648672
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for the deficiency of short cosmic ray pathlengths and a physically realistic explanation — The no-near-sources model (1979)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 63 (1979), S. 35-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract From our recent observations of the charge and energy spectra of cosmic-ray nuclei we have constructed secondary-to-primary charge ratios at the two ends of the charge spectrum. These ratios are found to be inconsistent with thead hoc leaky-box model of cosmic-ray propagation which leads to an exponential pathlength distribution. Models for which the pathlength distribution function is deficient in short pathlengths provide a more consistent picture. Several of these models are investigated, bothad hoc and physical. The physical model considered here is one for which detailed galactic propagation parameters and boundary conditions are used and for which there exists no near sources of cosmic rays over a time interval corresponding to a few times the cosmic-ray age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00647745
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The extension of the concept of the cosmic-ray path-length distribution to nonrelativistic energies (1979)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 63 (1979), S. 279-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The concept of the cosmic-ray path-length distribution is examined. The corresponding cosmic-ray propagation calculational procedure has been justified theoretically at relativistic energies (Ginzburg and Syrovatskii, 1964) where the effects of ionization energy loss are negligible. The present paper extends the use of the path-length distribution concept in cosmic-ray propagation calculations to nonrelativistic energies. Sufficient constraints to effect this extension are presented. The solution of the cosmic-ray propagation equations in terms of a Green's function approach is also investigated and is used to provide a formulation of the path-length distribution at non-relativistic as well as relativistic energies in terms of the cosmic-ray source distribution and the propagation characteristics of the interstellar medium. The leaky-box model of cosmic-ray propagation is also examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00638903
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implications of the reported low energy electron gradients (1974)
    Springer
    Solar physics 34 (1974), S. 477-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A recently reported measurement of a small electron gradient in the energy range 1.9–8.4 MeV by Webber et al. (1973a) is interpreted in terms of a large local value of the scattering mean free path for these particles. The possibility that the scattering mean free path may be large throughout the modulation region is then investigated under the assumption of an azimuthally symmetric modulation region of 5 AU extent, the applicability of the diffusion-convection-adiabatic energy loss transport equation, and a galactic origin for the low energy electrons. The implications for the solar modulation of electrons and the interstellar electron spectrum are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00153684
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The comparative spectra of cosmic-ray protons and helium nuclei (1974)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 30 (1974), S. 361-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have re-examined and extended the measurements of the primary cosmic ray proton and helium nuclei intensities in the range from a few MeV nuc−1 to ∼100 GeV nuc−1 using a considerable body of recently published data. The differential spectra obtained from this data are determined as a function of both energy and rigidity. The exponents of the energy spectra of both protons and helium nuclei are found to be different at the same energy/nucleon and to increase with increasing energy between 1 and 100 GeV nuc−1 reaching a value=−2.70 at higher energies and in addition, theP/He ratio changes from a value ≲5 at 1 GeV nuc−1 and below to a value ∼30 at 100 GeV nuc−1. On a rigidity representation the spectral exponent for each species is nearly identical and remains virtually constant above several GV at a value of −2.70, and in addition, theP/He ratio is also a constant ∼7 above ∼3 GeV. The changingP/He ratio and spectral exponent on an energy representation occur at energies well above those at which interplanetary modulation effects or interstellar ionization energy loss effects can significantly affect the spectra. In effect by comparing energy spectra and rigidity spectra in the intermediate energy range above the point where solar modulation effects and interstellar energy loss effects are important, but in the range where there are significant differences between energy and rigidity spectra, we deduce that the cosmic ray source spectra are effectively rigidity spectra. This fact has important implications regarding the mechanism of acceleration of this radiation and also with regard to the form of the assumed galactic spectrum at low energies. The relationship between the proton and helium spectra derived here and the heavier nuclei spectral differences recently reported in the literature is also examined. If rigidity spectra are adopted for protons and helium nuclei, then the source abundance ratio of these two components is determined to be ∼7:1. Some cosmological implications of this ratio are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00648282
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observations on the abundance of nitrogen in the primary cosmic radiation (1969)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 5 (1969), S. 103-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract New measurements of the intensity and spectrum of cosmic ray nitrogen nuclei made by instruments flown on balloons and on the Pioneer-8 space probe are reported. The nitrogen spectrum is found to be identical with that of the other medium nuclei, carbon and oxygen, over the range of measurement from 100 MeV/nuc to 〉 22 GeV/nuc. The ratio of N to all M nuclei is found to be =0.125, constant to within 10% over this energy range. This ratio is extrapolated to the cosmic-ray source using the most recently obtained abundances of oxygen and heavier nuclei and fragmentation parameters for the production of nitrogen from these nuclei. Taking an average material path length of 4 g/cm2 of hydrogen constant with energy, as required to make the abundance of L nuclei →0 at the cosmic-ray source, the resulting N/M source ratio is ≤0.03. In other words, to the same degree that the so-called L nuclei are absent in the cosmic-ray sources, N nuclei are also absent. This nitrogen abundance is therefore different from the estimated solar atmospheric abundance of ∼0.10 for the N/M ratio which is believed to represent the integrated effects of nucleo-synthesis in the galaxy at the time of the formation of the sun. Nevertheless under certain conditions in the CNO bi-cycle that operates for the production of nitrogen in stellar objects a negligible production of nitrogen might be expected. It is suggested that these conditions exist in the cosmic-ray sources. The C/O ratio of 0.9 deduced for cosmic-ray sources is compatible with the observed low nitrogen abundance arising in this CNO bi-cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00653942
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  • 8
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    Evidence for the deficiency of short cosmic ray pathlengths and a physically realistic explanation ? The no-near-sources model (1979)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0004-640X
    Electronic ISSN: 1572-946X
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
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    The relative abundance of the isotopes of Li, Be and B and the age of cosmic rays (1973)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1973-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0004-640X
    Electronic ISSN: 1572-946X
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    The extension of the concept of the cosmic-ray path-length distribution to nonrelativistic energies (1979)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0004-640X
    Electronic ISSN: 1572-946X
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Springer
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