ALBERT

Note: Contents Foreword Prologue Earth’s Freezer: Introduction to Permafrost Frozen grounds: Permafrost in the Arctic Permafrost in profile: Landscape features Frozen in time: The history of permafrost An icy balance: Arctic permafrost physiography What lies within: Organic carbon in permafrost When ice grows up: Pingo Canadian Landmark Drilling down: Learning the secrets of permafrost Portrait: Annett Bartsch Un/settled: Life on frozen ground Frozen States I: Russian Federation Portrait: Vyacheslav Shadrin Frozen States II: North America Portrait: Jessi Pascal Frozen States III: Nordic region Portrait: Palle Jeremiassen Awakening Giant: Permafrost and Climate Change Warming up, warming down: Increasing ground temperatures The chill is gone: Thickening of the active layer Disappearing act: Declining permafrost extent Microorganisms, macro effects: Permafrost carbon cycle Faster, deeper, stronger I: Speed of thaw in North America Faster, deeper, stronger II: Speed of thaw in Scandinavia and the Russian Federation Crossing the threshold: Future scenarios of carbon release Portrait: Dmitry Streletskiy Moving Grounds: Permafrost Changes Frost and flora: The role of vegetation in permafrost landscapes Fire on ice: Peat, permafrost, and fire State of matter: Water, snow, and permafrost The rivers run through it: Arctic rivers, deltas and hydrology Along the edge of the world: Arctic coastal classification Wear and tear: Erosion of Arctic permafrost coasts Eating into the landscape: Retrogressive thaw slumps Portrait: Angus Alunik Losing ground: Projected rates of Arctic coastal erosion Beneath the waves: Changes in subsea permafrost Arctic Ripples: Impacts of Permafrost Thaw Feeling the heat: Permafrost thaw impacts on infrastructure Risky business I: North American Arctic and Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland) Risky business II: The Russian Federation and Scandinavian Arctic Terra infirma I: Coastal infrastructure in Yamalo-Nenets Portrait: Susanna Gartler Terra infirma II: Reinforcing runways in Paulatuk Terra infirma III: Keeping cold food cold in Alaska Terra infirma IV: Urban planning in Ilulissat Nothing in isolation: Health and wellness and permafrost Portrait: Gwen Healey Akearok Toxic grounds: Contaminants and environmental health Coming back to life: Reemerging pathogens Frozen assets I: The formal economy Frozen assets II: Traditional and subsistence activities Cultural homeland: Alaas landscapes in Yakutia Holding Tight: Adaptation to Permafrost Thaw Bumpy road ahead: Transportation infrastructure and permafrost Undermined: Mining infrastructure and permafrost Keeping the light on: Energy infrastructure and permafrost No time to waste: Waste management and permafrost Modern history: Preserving Svalbard’s cultural heritage Portrait: Ingrid Rekkavik Going South: Permafrost in Other Areas A planetary perspective: Permafrost outside the Arctic Frozen giants: Permafrost in the mountains The view from the top: The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Hindu Kush Himalaya, and Andes Europe’s frozen heart: Permafrost in the Alps The ends of the Earth I: Permafrost in Antarctica The ends of the Earth II: Antarctic Peninsula The ends of the Earth III: Queen Maud Land, Victoria Land, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys Over the Horizon Authors and contributors Acknowledgments Artist spotlight: Olga Borjon-Privé (Oluko) Artist spotlight: Katie Orlinsky Glossary Acronyms References

Note: Contents Part I Vortex and Circulation Phenomena Numerical Study of the Cross Flow in a Non-isothermal Open Cavity / G.E. Ovando-Chacon, S.L. Ovando-Chacon, J.C. Prince-Avelino, A. Rodriguez-León and A. Servin-Martínez Oscillations of a Flexible Plate Immersed in a Vortex Street / E. Sandoval Hernández and A. Cros Experimental Study of a Vortex Generated at the Edge of a Channel with a Step / E.J. López-Sánchez, C.D. García-Molina, G. Ruiz-Chavarría and A. Medina Fluid Forces on a Flexible Circular Cylinder in Vortex-Induced Vibrations / C. Monreal-Jiménez, F. Oviedo-Tolentino, G.L. Gutiérrez-Urueta, R. Romero-Méndez and G. Mejía-Rodríguez Vortical Structures Generated Behind Flapping Foils with Different Aspect Ratios / B. Franco Llamas, E. Sandoval Hernández and A. Cros Circulation Control: A Comparative Study of Experimental and Numerical Investigation / H. Carmona, A. Cházaro, A. Traslosheros, A. Iturbe and J. Hernández CFD RANS Simulation of 2D Circulation Control Airfoil / H. Carmona, A. Cházaro, A. Traslosheros, A. Iturbe and J. Hernández Calibration of a Background Oriented Schlieren (BOS) / A. Aguayo Ortiz, H. Cardoso Sakamoto, C. Echeverría Arjonilla, D. Porta Zepeda, C. Stern Forgach and G. Monsivais Galindo Measurement of the Density Inside a Supersonic Jet Using the Background Oriented Schlieren (BOS) Technique / D. Porta, C. Echeverría, A. Aguayo, J.E. Hiroki Cardoso and C. Stern Part II Environmental Applications Experimental Evaluation of Specific Components Working in an Environmentally Friendly Cooling System / G. Gutierrez Urueta, F. Oviedo, R. Peña, P. Rodríguez-Aumente, C. Monreal and J. Arellano Rainfall Series Fractality in the Baja California State / A. López-Lambraño, C. Fuentes, A. López-Ramos, M. Pliego-Díaz and M. López-L Hydrodynamic Modeling for the Sustainable Management of the Guájaro Hydrosystem, Colombia / F. Torres-Bejarano, J. Padilla Coba, H. Ramírez-León, C. Rodríguez-Cuevas and R. Cantero-Rodelo Numerical Modeling of Hydrodynamics in the Agua Brava Lagoon, Located in Nayarit, Mexico / H. Barrios-Piña, H. Ramírez-León, A. Cuevas-Otero, F. Torres-Bejarano and J.T. Ponce-Palafox Hydraulic, Hydrodynamic and Environmental Design of an Offshore Outfall for the Campeche Sound Marine Region / A. Cuevas-Otero, H. Ramírez-León and H. Barrios-Piña Numerical Air Quality Forecast Modeling System: Mexico Case Study / A.R. Garcia, B.E. Mar-Morales and L.G. Ruiz-Suárez Internal Wave Observations in the Petacalco Canyon, México / A. Ruiz-Angulo and J. Zavala-Hidalgo Part III Fluid–Structure Interaction Stochastic Simulation for Couette Flow of Dilute Polymer Solutions Using Hookean Dumbbells / A. Gómez López, I. Pérez Reyes, A. López Villa and R.O. Vargas Aguilar Two-Dimensional Motion of a Viscoelastic Membrane in an Incompressible Fluid: Applications to the Cochlear Mechanics / Y.N. Domínguez-del Ángel, M. Núñez-López, J.G. González-Santos and A. López-Villa Electromagnetically Driven Flow Between Concentric Spheres: Experiments and Simulations / A. Figueroa, J.A. Rojas, J. Rosales and F. Vázquez Vibration of a Water Drop in a Hydrophobic Medium / G. Rangel Paredes, D. Porta Zepeda, C. Echeverría Arjonilla and C. Stern Forgach Analysis of an Annular MHD Stirrer for Microfluidic Applications / J. Pérez-Barrera, A. Ortiz and S. Cuevas Trajectories of Water and Sand Jets / D.A. Serrano, F. Sánchez-Silva, J. Klapp, P. Tamayo, A. Medina and G. Domínguez Coupling of P-B Equation with Stokes System: Formation of Rayleigh Jets / L.B. Gamboa and M.A. Fontelos Flow Measurement at the Inlet and Outlet Zones of an Automotive Brake Disc with Ventilation Post Pillars, Using Particle Image Velocimetry Technique / C.A. Jiménez García, G.J. Gutiérrez Paredes, J.E. Rivera López, A. López Villa and J.M. Casillas Navarrete Part IV General Fluid Dynamics and Applications Bouncing Droplets, Pilot-Waves, and Quantum Mechanics / Tomas Bohr, Anders Andersen and Benny Lautrup Phenomena of a Miscible Drop Through a Stratified Fluid / A. Zarazúa Cruz, C. Echeverría Arjonilla, D. Porta Zepeda and C. Stern Forgach Astrophysical Fluids of Novae: High Resolution Pre-decay X-Ray Spectrum of V4743 Sagittarii / J.M. Ramírez-Velasquez X-Ray Outflows of Active Galactic Nuclei Warm Absorbers: A 900 ks Chandra Simulated Spectrum / J.M. Ramírez-Velasquez and J. García Comparative Analysis of the Air Flow in Different Cultures Inside a Greenhouse Using CFD / J. Flores-Velázquez, W. Ojeda B and A. Rojano Numerical Modeling of the Knee Synovial Joint Under Deformation Using the Finite Volume Method / N. Martínez-Gutiérrez, L.A. Ibarra-Bracamontes, S.R. Galván-González, A. Aguilar-Corona and G. Viramontes-Gamboa Causal Propagation of Heat and Thermohaline Instability in Quasi-static Phenomena / A. Aguirre-Guzman and N. Falcón Dynamics of Noncohesive Confined Granular Media / N. Mujica and R. Soto Equations to Determine Energy Losses in Sudden and Gradual Change of Direction / J.J. Villegas-León, A.A. López-Lambraño, J.G. Morales-Nava, M. Pliego-Díaz, C. Fuentes and A. López-Ramos Parallel CPU/GPU Computing for Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Models / J.M. Domínguez, A. Barreiro, A.J.C. Crespo, O. García-Feal and M. Gómez-Gesteira Aquathemolysis Reaction of Heavy Oil by a MoWNiC Nanocrystalline Catalyst Produced by Mechanical Alloying / G.J. Gutiérrez Paredes, J.N. Rivera Olvera, A. López Villa and L. Díaz Barriga Arceo Correction to: Astrophysical Fluids of Novae: High Resolution Pre-decay X-Ray Spectrum of V4743 Sagittarii / J. M. Ramírez-Velasquez