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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Mine waste dumps ; Heavy metal pollution ; Italy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Mining activity in the Boccheggiano-Fontalcinaldo area (Southern Tuscany) dates back at least to the 16th century AD and lasted up to very recent times. Copper-rich hydrothermal veins, massive pyrite deposits, and their gossans were exploited. Two mine waste dumps (Fontalcinaldo, Fontebona), one flotation tailings impoundment (Gabellino), and one roasting/smelting waste dump (Merse-Ribudelli) in the study area were selected to ascertain the environmental effects of such protracted mining activity. Primary waste mineralogy is mainly characterized by pyrite, gypsum, quartz, carbonates, chlorites, and micas. Secondary oxidation mineralogy includes Fe and Cu sulfates and hydroxy sulfates, Cu carbonates, Fe and Al oxyhydroxides, and other phases [neogenic cassiterite at Fontalcinaldo; probable calkinsite, (Ce,La)2(CO3)3· 4H2O, at Fontebona]. Mine waste samples show extremely variable contents of toxic elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Bi, Cd, As), with average values in the order of hundreds to thousands of parts per million (except for Bi and Cd). In some samples, the abundance of proper minerals of these metals cannot account for the entire metal load. Conceivably, either solid solution substitutions or adsorption processes contribute to the intake of released metals into newly formed minerals. Release and transport of pollutants was affected to variable degrees by acid-neutralization processes. The highest metal and acid concentrations occur close to the investigated wastes and rapidly decrease moving downstream some hundreds of meters or less, with the partial exception for Mn and Fe. Other than dilution effects, this phenomenon may be ascribed to metal adsorption and precipitation of solid phases.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 24 (1989), S. 141-147 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Several important mineral deposits of Sn, Zn, Cu, Pb, and other metals associated with Devonian sediments and Yanshanian (Cretaceous) granitic rocks are known in the Dachang district (Guangxi). Early genetic hypotheses related the origin of the deposits entirely to the Yanshanian granites. Recently, it was suggested that in Devonian times an earlier syngenetic metal concentration may have occurred, later overprinted by the Yanshanian metallogeny. This contribution is aimed at placing constraints on the physicochemical conditions during the Yanshanian ore formation-remobilization by studying the sulfide chemistry (arsenopyrite, sphalerite, stannite) and fluid inclusion data on the two major deposits in the area, i.e., the polymetallic cassiterite deposit of Changpo and the Zn-Cu skarn deposit of Lamo. Sphalerite and arsenopyrite are quite abundant in both deposits; stannite is minor, but fairly widespread at Changpo, and quite rare at Lamo. They are accompanied by pyrite, pyrrhotite, galena, chalcopyrite, cassiterite, fluorite, and a large variety of other sulfides and sulfosalts. The main compositional data for sphalerite and arsenopyrite are summarized as follows: Changpo: arsenopyrite associated with pyrrhotite 31.4–36.1 at% As; Associated with pyrite 31.9–33.1 at% As; sphalerite associated with pyrrhotite 18.3–22.2 mol% FeS; associated with pyrite 10.6–18.6 mol% FeS. Lamo: arsenopyrite associated with pyrrhotite 32.9–35.3 at% As; associated with pyrite 30.3–31.7 at% As; sphalerite associated with pyrrhotite, 17.2–24.4 mol% FeS; associated with pyrite 4.2–19.6 mol% FeS. Partitioning of Fe and Zn between coexisting sphalerite and stannite from Changpo indicates temperatures of 300°–350°C. For Lamo, the following fluid inclusion data are available: fluorite, salinities of ∼0–9.5 equiv. wt% NaCl, and homogenization temperatures between 160°C and 250°C; quartz, moderate salinities (∼0–4.6 equiv. wt% NaCl), and homogenization temperatures of 208°–260°C. Combining the mineralogical evidence with the compositional and fluid inclusion data, it is suggested that the evolution of the environment during the Yanshanian event was characterized by the following parameters: pressure was relatively low (on the order of 1–1.5 kb); temperature may have been as high as 500°C during deposition of the As-richest arsenopyrites, but eventually dropped below 200°–250°C in the latest stages; with an increase in sulfur activity and/or the decrease in temperature pyrrhotite was no longer stable in the latest stages of mineralization.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 4
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    Mineralium deposita 34 (1999), S. 630-638 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Epithermal precious metal deposits have only quite recently been added to the metallogenic view of Italy. It was only in the late 1980s that two districts were recognized, in Sardinia and southern Tuscany, previously long known for a large variety of other commodities. The Sardinian epithermal precious metal district is associated with the Oligocene-Miocene Sardinian calc-alkaline magmatic cycle. The most relevant areas include the Au deposit at Furtei, already in production, and the Osilo prospect, where extensive exploration is under way. The deposit at Furtei contains at least six tonnes of gold metal. The mineralogy of the deposit and of the alteration assemblages is typical of the acid-sulfate (high-sulfidation) class of volcanic-hosted epithermal deposits. Fluids associated with alteration and mineralization have moderate temperatures (200–300 °C) and low salinities (less than 6% wt. NaCl equivalent); high-temperature, high-salinity fluids similar to porphyry-style systems also circulated at Furtei. At Osilo, a number of quartz veins containing up to several ppm Au have been identified. The alteration assemblage includes adularia and illite, i.e. is typical of low-sulfidation deposits. Fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures range from 198 to 270 °C, with salinities of less than 4% wt. NaCl equivalent. In southern Tuscany, a number of carbonate-hosted (“Carlin type”) gold showings occur at the edges of the geothermal fields of Larderello, Amiata and Latera, an area previously known for Sb mineralization. In fact, many showings coincide with former Sb mines, and stibnite, along with pyrite, is the most common sulfide mineral. Gold is typically invisible. Fluids hosted in a variety of minerals from these occurrences span a relatively large temperature range (132 to 245 °C), with constantly low salinities (less than 7% wt. NaCl equivalent). The onset of (presumably meteoric) hydrothermal fluid circulation can be ascribed to the emplacement of Neogene Tuscan magmatic rocks, but the ultimate source of gold remains speculative.
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  • 5
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    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 15 (1980), S. 243-245 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 6
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    Mineralium deposita 18 (1983), S. 285-297 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The S-isotope composition (δ34SCDT) of 213 samples of sulfides, sulfates and native sulfur from the pyrite mineralizations of southern Tuscany and associated country rocks were determined. The sulfur isotopic composition of pyrite is quite homogeneous and similar for all studied ore bodies, with an average δ34S value near +9,5‰. Pyrite disseminated within the Filladi di Boccheggiano formation, and thought to be authigenic, shows a much larger range of δ34S values (-13.1 to +14.5‰). The isotopic compositions of other sulfides associated with pyrite in the deposits show that isotopic equilibrium among sulfides was approached on a regional scale, but seldom fully attained. Isotopic data suggest that sedimentary marine sulfate was the ultimate source of sulfur in ores. Sulfates (mostly anhydrite) from the sulfate-carbonate lenses associated with both the Filladi di Boccheggiano and the Calcare Cavernoso formations also have similar and homogeneous compositions (average δ34S=+15–16‰). Coexisting sulfates and sulfides are not in isotopic equilibrium. In the light of the isotopic data, among the many proposed genetic models for the largest stratabound pyrite bodies the two following alternatives appear the most likely: 1) in agreement with recently suggested hypotheses, the ore bodies are older than the emplacement of the Mio-Pliocenic granitoids in the area, and are probably hydrothermal-sedimentary in origin, coeval with associated country rocks; 2) the ore bodies were formed as a consequence of bacterial reduction of anhydrite in low-temperature convection systems related to the early stages of the Mio-Pliocenic thermal anomaly. In both cases, the emplacement of the Mio-Pliocenic granitoids caused metamorphism and remobilization of the pre-existing ores, producing smaller discordant mineralized bodies.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den Apuanischen Alpen (NW Toskana) treten prämetamorphe, schichtförmige Fe-Ba Erzlagerstätten in grünschieferfaziell metamorphen Serien sedimentären und vulkanosedimentären Ursprungs auf (e.g. Pollone und Monte Arsiccio), die von syn- bis spätkinematisch gebildeten, diskordanten Vererzungen begleitet werden. Ein Gangsystem mit Quarz, Karbonat und Pb-Zn-Ag (Bottino) wird von einem stratiformen Turmalinithorizont mit erhöhten Metallgehalten begleitet. Um die Frage eines metamorphogenen Ursprungs der gangförmigen Vererzungen im Gefolge der Appenninischen Metamorphose (Oligozän-Miozän) und die vermutete Herkunft der Metalle aus den schichtförmigen Lagerstätten und Metallanreicherungen zu überprüfen, wurden Pb-Isotopenuntersuchungen an Sulfiden, Bariten, Turmaliniten und Nebengesteinen durchgeführt. Das Erzblei aus stratiformen wie auch gangförmigen Lagerstätten zeigt nur geringe Variationen der Pb-isotopenverhältnisse und ist innerhalb eines Vorkommens homogen (206/204: 18.2-18.4; 207/204: 15.68; 208/204: 38.538.6). Seine relativ hohen μ- and W-Werte weisen auf eine Bleientwicklung in kontinentalem Krustenmilieu, spätestens seit dem mittleren Proterozoikum hin. Die 207/206 Modellalter von ca. 350 Ma stimmen größenordnungmäßig mit dem vermuteten paläozoischen Alter des Nebengesteins überein, sind aber für die gangförmigen tertiären Vorkommen zu hoch. Baryt-, Turmalinit- und Gesamtgesteinsproben aus der Nähe der Lagerstätten zeigen alle ähnliche Pb-Isotopenverhältnisse wie die Sulfide. Die Gesteine weisen hohe Pb-Gehalte von 〉 70 ppm auf. In größerer Entfernung zu den Lagerstätten sind die Pb-Gehalte mit 〈 10 ppm deutlich niedriger und die Pb-Isotopenverhältnisse sind radiogener (206/204: 18.8-18.9; 208/204: 38.9-39.3). Ihr HCl-1ösliches Blei ist hingegen weniger radiogen. Die Resultate stützen die neueren Ansichten, daß es im Paläozoikum zur Bildung von exbalativen Turmaliniten verbunden mit einer Metallanreicherung und von stratiformen Fe-Ba-Lagerstätten kam. Während der appenninischen Metamorphose wurden die Metalle remobilisiert, und es kam zur Bildung von gangförmigen Vorkommen und Lagerstätten. Die hohen Pb-Gehalte der Nebengesteine und die Isotopensignatur des HC1-löslichen Bleis deuten auf eine metamorphogene Halo-Bildung. Die Bleiisotopen von jungtertiären Erzen aus der südlichen Toskana sind im Vergleich mit dem apuanischen Erzblei radiogener. Sie weisen aber dieselben hohen μ- und W-Werte auf. Das heißt, das Blei stammt aus Gesteinen, die eine qualitativ wie auch quantitativ ähnliche Entwicklung bezüglich der U/Pb und Th/Pb Verhältnisse durchlaufen haben wie jene, die das Blei der apuanischen Lagerstätten geliefert haben.
    Notes: Summary A total of 19 samples of sulfides, barite and country rocks from three important deposits of the Apuane Alps district (Bottino, Pollone and Monte Arsiccio) were analyzed for Pb-isotopic compositions. Ore lead shows a fairly homogeneous isotopic signature (206/204: 18.2-18.4; 207/204 ≈ 15.7; 208/204: 38.5-38.6), defining a high μ, high W province suggestive of an evolution in a crustal environment since at least the Middle Proterozoic. Pb-Pb model age of the ores is in the order of ≈ 350 Ma, in gross agreement with the Lower-Middle Paleozoic age assigned to most country rocks. The present-day Pb-isotope ratios of presumed exhalative tourmalinites associated with the Bottino deposit and of other country rocks from mineralized areas are also similar. Moreover, most of these rocks show relatively high total Pb contents (〉 70 ppm). HCl-soluble lead in these samples also has a roughly similar isotopic signature. In contrast, rock samples collected at greater distances from mineralized bodies have lower Pb concentrations (〈 10 ppm) and more radiogenic 206/204 and 208/204 ratios (18.6 to 18.9 and 38.9 to 39.3 respectively). HCl-soluble lead in these samples has distinctly lower 208/204, and to a lesser extent 206/204 ratios (38.6 to 38.9 and 18.5 to 18.9 respectively). In agreement with previously established genetic models, these results may be interpreted in terms of a major episode of lead extraction in the Paleozoic, possibly in association with exhalative tourmalinites, followed by remobilization and reconcentration in vein mineralization during the Apenninic orogeny. The isotopic signature of country rocks in mineralized areas may be ascribed to a “Pb-isotope halo effect” induced by metamorphism. When compared with Pb-isotope data from deposits of the southern Tuscany mining district, the ore lead in Apuane Alps exhibits similar isotopic patterns, but with lower 208/204 and 206/204 ratios. This fact suggests for the two districts source(s) with similar evolutions of their U/Pb and Th/Pb ratios, but distinctly different times of Pb extraction.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Baryt-Pyrit (Pb-Zn-Ag) Lagerstätte von Pollone liegt im südlichsten Ende des metamorphen Kern-Komplexes der Apuanischen Alpen, und sitzt in einer siliziklastischen Formation prä-Norischen Alters auf. Der südliche Sektor der Lagerstätte besteht hauptsächlich aus stratiformen, wahrscheinlich syngenetischen Baryt-Pyrit-Erzkörpern, während der nördliche Teil des Gebietes durch ein Baryt-Pyrit (Pb-Zn-Ag) Gangsystem charakterisiert wird. Die Geometrie der Gänge im Nordteil wird durch eine Scherzone kontrolliert, die während einer grünschieferfaziellen Metamorphose entstanden ist, die den Kernkomplex der Apuanischen Alpen zwischen 27 und 8 Ma betroffen hat. Diese Scherzone war auch für die Zufuhr der Fluide und die Platznahme der Gänge verantwortlich. In Pollone zeigen Arsenopyrit- und Chlorit-Geothermometrie weithin vergleichbare Ergebnisse und weisen auf lokale Maximaltemperaturen der Metamorphose zwischen 320 und 350°C hin. Phengit-Geobarometrie läßt Minimal-Drucke von ungefähr 3,5 kbar erkennen. Fluidflüssigkeitseinschluß-Daten und Mineral-Gleichgewichte zeigen, daß die erzbringenden Fluide ursprünglich heißer als die Wirtsgesteine waren (ca. 450 °C für P von 3,5 bis 4 kbar). Gesteine, die im direkten Kontakt mit den Erzkörpern sind, zeigen eine Anreicherung an Rb und eine Anreicherung an Sr, im Vergleich mit ähnlichen Gesteinen, die im Gebiet anzutreffen sind. Dies wird auf das Vorkommen von Rb-armen Muscovit und Sr-reichen Baryt zurückgeführt. An Rbabgereicherte Muscovite legen Mineral-Fluid-Reaktionen nahe, die in einem Gesteinsreservoir abliefen, das durch eine andere mineralogische Zusammensetzung als die Wirtsgesteine von Pollone charakterisiert war. Der zunehmende Verlust von Sr im Baryt mit zunehmender Entfernung von den Erzkörpern, kann durch einen Temperaturabfall entlang der Infitrations-Pfade der erzführenden Lösungen erklärt werden (d.h. von Gang in die Nebengeseine). Die ähnliche Sauerstoff-Isotopen-Zusammensetzung für Quarz aus den Gängen und den Nebengesteinen läßt sich auf die allgemein homogene Sauerstoffisotopen-Signatur des Basements der Apuanischen Alpen zurückführen. Dies weist auf beschränkte Wechselwirkung zwischen erzführenden Lösungen und den in Pollone anstehenden Gesteinen hin. Die Remobilisation von syngenetischen Erzkörpern in Pollone war nur von geringer Bedeutung für die Entstehung der metamorphogenen Gänge. Abkühlung der Fluide an einem wichtigen tektonischen Lineament gilt als Ursache für den Absatz von Baryt.
    Notes: Summary The barite-pyrite-(Pb-Zn-Ag) deposit of Pollone is located in the southernmost tip of the Apuane Alps metamorphic core complex, and is hosted by a siliciclastic formation of pre-Norian age. The southern sector of the deposit mainly consists of stratiform, supposedly syngenetic, barite-pyrite orebodies, whereas the northern area is characterized by a barite-pyrite-(Pb-Zn-Ag) vein system. Vein geometry in the northern area is controlled by a shear zone, developed during the greenschist facies metamorphism which affected the Apuane Alps core complex between 27 and 8 Ma, that was responsible for fluid focusing and vein emplacement. At Pollone, arsenopyrite and chlorite geothermometers show broadly comparable results, and suggest local metamorphic peak temperatures between 320 and 350°C. Phengite geobarometry indicates minimum pressures of about 3.5 kbar. Fluid inclusion data and mineral equilibria suggest that the mineralizing fluids were initially hotter than the country rocks (about 450°C at 3.5–4.0 kbar). Rocks in direct contact with the orebodies are depleted in Rb and enriched in Sr in comparison to similar rocks elsewhere in the area. This is attributed to the presence of Rb-poor muscovite and Sr-rich barite. Rb-depleted muscovites suggest mineral-fluid interaction in a rock reservoir characterized by a different (modal) mineralogical composition than the Pollone host rocks. The progressive decrease of Sr in barite with increasing distance from the orebodies may be explained with a temperature decrease along the infiltration paths of mineralizing fluids (i.e., from the vein into the wall rocks). The similar O-isotope composition of quartz from veins and host rocks is explained with the overall homogeneous O-isotope composition of the Alpi Apuane basement rocks. This indicates a limited interaction between mineralizing fluids and the rocks exposed at Pollone. Remobilization of syngenetic orebodies was conceivably of minor importance in the production of metamorphogenec veins. Fluid cooling along a major tectonic lineament is thought to be responsible for barite deposition.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 25 (1990), S. S86 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Recent O-isotope and fluid inclusion studies have provided evidence on the nature of the fluids associated with the late-Alpine quartz-gold deposits of the Monte Rosa district. The most abundant inclusions in quartz from these deposits contain a low salinity aqueous fluid (about 2% to 10% wt. NaCl eq.), and a CO2 phase (usually less than 20% mol), in places with minor methane. CO2 densities and total homogenization temperatures vary widely throughout the district, reflecting diverse conditions of trapping (P = 1 to 3 kb, T = 300° to 450°C). At Miniera dei Cani, unmixing between CO2-rich and H2O-rich fluids possibly occurred. A second type of inclusion contains an aqueous brine without recognizable CO2, and is especially abundant at Val Toppa. O-isotope studies suggest that fluids were largely equilibrated in a metamorphic environment. It is concluded that the gold-related fluids in the district were mainly of a metamorphic nature; at Val Toppa, both isotopic and fluid inclusion data point to contributions of unexchanged meteoric waters. Mechanisms of gold transport and precipitation are less contrained. A possible model involves transport of gold as bisulfide complexes, and precipitation due to one or more of the following processes: decrease of sulfur activity due to precipitation of sulfides, wall-rock reaction, cooling/dilution, and/or fluid unmixing.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2014-01-12
    Print ISSN: 0944-1344
    Electronic ISSN: 1614-7499
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Springer
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