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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2023-11-24
    Description: Here we present dissolved nutrient data collected during Expedition 19S to the Arctic Ocean during September 2018 on board the R/V Sikuliaq, a research vessel operated by the University of Alaska. Data were generated within the framework of the NERC-BMBF Changing Arctic Ocean programme; project Primary productivity driven by escalating Arctic nutrient fluxes? (PEANUTS) in collaboration with the US Office of Naval Research Stratified Ocean Dynamics of the Arctic programme (SODA). A report is included, which provides further details about the data, funding agencies and research for which these data has been used.
    Keywords: Ammonium; Arctic Ocean nutrients; Bottle number; Cruise/expedition; CTD, SEA-BIRD SBE 49; CTD/Rosette; CTD-RO; DATE/TIME; Density, mass density; Density, sigma-theta (0); DEPTH, water; Event label; Fluorescence, chlorophyll; LATITUDE; LONGITUDE; Nitrate; Nitrite; Nitrogen, total; Nitrogen, total dissolved; Nutrient Data Arctic Ocean; nutrients; Oxygen; Oxygen saturation; Oxygen solubility; PEANUTS; Phosphate; Phosphorus, total; Phosphorus, total dissolved; Pressure, water; Primary productivity driven by escalating Arctic nutrient fluxes?; Quality flag; Quality flag, oxygen; Quality flag, salinity; Quality flag, water temperature; Radiation, photosynthetically active; Salinity; SEAL AA3 segmented flow autoanalyzer; Sikuliaq; Silicate; SKG_19S; SKG_19S_1; SKG_19S_10; SKG_19S_11; SKG_19S_12; SKG_19S_13; SKG_19S_14; SKG_19S_15; SKG_19S_16; SKG_19S_18; SKG_19S_2; SKG_19S_3; SKG_19S_4; SKG_19S_5; SKG_19S_6; SKG_19S_7; SKG_19S_8; SKG_19S_9; SODA; South Beaufort Gyre Nutrients; Station label; Stratified Ocean Dynamics of the Arctic; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, potential
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 9870 data points
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-01-22
    Description: Mesoscale eddies are important for many aspects of the dynamics of the Arctic Ocean. These include the maintenance of the halocline and the Atlantic Water boundary current through lateral eddy fluxes, shelf-basin exchanges, transport of biological material and sea ice, and the modification of the sea-ice distribution. Here we review what is known about the mesoscale variability and its impacts in the Arctic Ocean in the context of an Arctic Ocean responding rapidly to climate change. In addition, we present the first quantification of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) from moored observations across the entire Arctic Ocean, which we compare to output from an eddy resolving numerical model. We show that EKE is largest in the northern Nordic Seas/Fram Strait and it is also elevated along the shelfbreak of the Arctic Circumpolar Boundary Current, especially in the Beaufort Sea. In the central basins it is 100-1000 times lower. Except for the region affected by southward sea-ice export south of Fram Strait, EKE is stronger when sea-ice concentration is low compared to dense ice cover. Areas where conditions typical in the Atlantic and Pacific prevail will increase. Hence, we conclude that the future Arctic Ocean will feature more energetic mesoscale variability. This table provides (eddy) kinetic energy in the Arctic Ocean calculated from moorings and a numerical model across the entire record and averaged over certain conditions (seasons, ice concentration). The calculations are explained in the manuscript (Eddies and the distribution of eddy kinetic energy in the Arctic Ocean). The used mooring data was compiled from six different sources as listed below and identified in the table based on the Source ID.
    Keywords: 250_MOOR; 293-S1_MOOR; 293-X1_MOOR; 293-X2_MOOR; 293-X3_MOOR; 295-S2_MOOR; A01_MOOR; AK1-1_MOOR; AK2-1_MOOR; AK3-1_MOOR; AK4-1_MOOR; AK5-1_MOOR; AK6-1_MOOR; AK7-1_MOOR; Akademik Tryoshnikov; AM1-91_MOOR; AM2-91_MOOR; AO1-92_MOOR; Arctic Ocean; ARK-XIV/2; ARK-XVIII/1; ARK-XXIX/3; ARK-XXX/1.2; ARK-XXX/2, GN05; ARK-XXXI/4; ATWAIN200_MOOR; AWI_PhyOce; AWI401-1_MOOR; AWI402-1_MOOR; AWI403-1_MOOR; AWI403-2_MOOR; AWI404-1_MOOR; AWI406-1_MOOR; AWI410-2_MOOR; AWI411-2_MOOR; AWI412-4_MOOR; AWI413-4_MOOR; AWI415-1_MOOR; AWI416-1_MOOR; AWI417-1_MOOR; AWI418-1_MOOR; BaffinBay_2_MOOR; BaffinBay_MOOR; BarrowSt_81_MOOR; BarrowSt_C_MOOR; BarrowSt_N_MOOR; BarrowSt_S_MOOR; BarrowSt_SC_MOOR; BarrowSt_Ss_MOOR; BG_a_MOOR; BG_b_MOOR; BG_c_MOOR; BG_d_MOOR; BI3_MOOR; BR1_MOOR; BR2_MOOR; BR3_MOOR; BRA_MOOR; BRB_MOOR; BRG_MOOR; BRK_MOOR; BS2_MOOR; BS3_MOOR; BS4_MOOR; BS5_MOOR; BS6_MOOR; BSO1_MOOR; BSO2_MOOR; BSO3_MOOR; BSO4_MOOR; BSO5_MOOR; C1_MOOR; C2_MOOR; C3_MOOR; C4_MOOR; C5_MOOR; C6_MOOR; CA04_MOOR; CA05_MOOR; CA06_MOOR; CA07_MOOR; CA08_MOOR; CA10_MOOR; CA11_MOOR; CA12_MOOR; CA13_MOOR; CA15_MOOR; CA16_MOOR; CA20_MOOR; CM-1_MOOR; CM-2_MOOR; CS1_MOOR; CS-1A_MOOR; CS2_MOOR; CS-2A_MOOR; CS3_MOOR; CS-3A_MOOR; CS4_MOOR; CS5_MOOR; Depth, bottom/max; Depth, top/min; DEPTH, water; DS_TUBE8_MOOR; Duration; EA1_MOOR; EA2_MOOR; EA3_MOOR; EA4_MOOR; EBC_MOOR; eddies; eddy kinetic energy; Eddy kinetic energy, 2000-2010; Eddy kinetic energy, 2010-2020; Eddy kinetic energy, at depth; Eddy kinetic energy, autumn; Eddy kinetic energy, ice; Eddy kinetic energy, mean; Eddy kinetic energy, model bandpass; Eddy kinetic energy, model online; Eddy kinetic energy, no ice; Eddy kinetic energy, some ice; Eddy kinetic energy, spring; Eddy kinetic energy, summer; Eddy kinetic energy, winter; EGN-1; EGS-1; EGS1-2; EGS2-1; EGS4-1; ELEVATION; F10-1; F1-1; F11_MOOR; F11-2; F12_MOOR; F12-1; F13_MOOR; F13-1; F14_MOOR; F14-1; F15-1; F16-1; F17_MOOR; F2-1; F3-1; F4-1; F5-1; F6-1; F7-1; F8-1; F9-1; FB2b_MOOR; FB6_MOOR; First year of observation; FRAM; FRontiers in Arctic marine Monitoring; FRS782_MOOR; FSC1_MOOR; FSC2_MOOR; FSC3_MOOR; FSC4_MOOR; GS-3_2_MOOR; HG-IV-S-1; High-frequency kinetic energy; HSNE60_MOOR; HudsonBay_MOOR; HudsonStrait_MOOR; I1_MOOR; I2_MOOR; I3_MOOR; IdF1-1; IdF2-1; IdF3-1; IdF4-1; ISWRIG_MOOR; Karasik-2015; KS02_MOOR; KS04_MOOR; KS06_MOOR; KS08_MOOR; KS10_MOOR; KS12_MOOR; KS14_MOOR; L97; LA97/2; Lance; Last year of observation; LATITUDE; LM3_MOOR; LONGITUDE; Low-frequency kinetic energy; M11_MOOR; M12_MOOR; M13_MOOR; M14_MOOR; M15_MOOR; M16_MOOR; M3_MOOR; M5_MOOR; M6_MOOR; M9a_MOOR; MA2B_MOOR; MB1B_MOOR; MB2B_MOOR; MB4B_MOOR; Mean kinetic energy; MOOR; Mooring; Mooring (long time); MOORY; N198_2_MOOR; N198_MOOR; N525_MOOR; N541_MOOR; NABOS_2015_AK1-1, NABOS_2018_AK1-1; NABOS_2015_AK2-1, NABOS_2018_AK2-1; NABOS_2015_AK3-1, NABOS_2018_AK3-1; NABOS_2015_AK4-1, NABOS_2018_AK4-1; NABOS_2015_AK5-1, NABOS_2018_AK5-1; NABOS_2015_AK6-1,NABOS_2018_AK6-1; NABOS_2015_AK7-1, NABOS_2018_AK7-1; NABOS, AT2015; NABOS 2015; Nansen-2015; North Greenland Sea; NPEO_MOOR; NWNA_MOOR; NWNB_MOOR; NWNC_MOOR; NWND_MOOR; NWNE_MOOR; NWNF_MOOR; NWNG_MOOR; NWSB_MOOR; NWSD_MOOR; NWSE_2_MOOR; NWSE_MOOR; OLIK-1_MOOR; OSL2a_MOOR; OSL2f_MOOR; Physical Oceanography @ AWI; Polarstern; PS100; PS100/039-2, PS114_25-1,ARKR02-01; PS100/045-1, PS114_29-2; PS100/047-1, PS114_40-2; PS100/053-1, PS114_36-1; PS100/073-1, PS109_20-1; PS100/106-1, PS114_23-2; PS100/142-1, PS109_139-1; PS100/180-2, PS109_111-1; PS100/181-1, PS109_112-1; PS100/182-1, PS109_113-1; PS100/183-1, PS109_114-1; PS109; PS109_133-1, PS114_52-1; PS109_138-2, PS114_53-1; PS109_148-1, PS114_60-2; PS114; PS52; PS62; PS94; PS99/070-1, PS107_3-1; PS99.2; R071_MOOR; R1-1; R2-1; R290_MOOR; R3-1; R333_MOOR; R356_MOOR; R4-1; R5-1; Reference/source; SS-5_MOOR; StA_MOOR; Station label; Stor_MOOR; Total kinetic energy; V-319_MOOR; Velocity, east; Velocity, north; Vilk_MOOR; WBC_MOOR; WG1_MOOR; WG15_MOOR; WG4_MOOR; Wunsch-NN1_MOOR; Wunsch-NN2_MOOR; Y1_MOOR; Y2_MOOR; YP_MOOR
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 4806 data points
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2015-06-07
    Description: Siberian river water is a first-order contribution to the Arctic freshwater budget, with the Ob, Yenisey, and Lena supplying nearly half of the total surface freshwater flux. However, few details are known regarding where, when and how the freshwater transverses the vast Siberian shelf seas. This paper investigates the mechanism, variability and pathways of the fresh Kara Sea outflow through Vilkitsky Strait towards the Laptev Sea. We utilize a high-resolution ocean model and recent shipboard observations to characterize the freshwater-laden Vilkitsky Strait Current (VSC), and shed new light on the little-studied region between the Kara and Laptev Seas, characterized by harsh ice conditions, contrasting water masses, straits and a large submarine canyon. The VSC is 10-20 km wide, surface-intensified, and varies seasonally (maximum from August-March) and interannually. Average freshwater (volume) transport is 500 ± 120 km 3 a −1 (0.53 ± 0.08 Sv), with a baroclinic flow contribution of 50-90%. Interannual transport variability is explained by a storage-release mechanism, where blocking-favorable summer winds hamper the outflow and cause accumulation of freshwater in the Kara Sea. The year following a blocking event is characterized by enhanced transports driven by a baroclinic flow along the coast that is set up by increased freshwater volumes. Eventually, the VSC merges with a slope current and provides a major pathway for Eurasian river water towards the Western Arctic along the Eurasian continental slope. Kara (and Laptev) Sea freshwater transport is not correlated with the Arctic Oscillation, but rather driven by regional summer pressure patterns. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
  • 5
    Publication Date: 2016-08-18
    Description: Recent seasonal Arctic Ocean sea-ice retreat is a major indicator of polar climate change. The Arctic Ocean is generally quiescent with the interior basins characterised by low levels of turbulent mixing at intermediate depths. In contrast, under conditions of reduced sea-ice cover, there is evidence of energetic internal waves that have been attributed to increased momentum transfer from the atmosphere to the ocean. New measurements made in the Canada Basin during the unusually ice-free and stormy summer of 2012 show previously-observed enhancement of internal wave energy associated with ice-free conditions. However, there is no enhancement of mixing at intermediate depths away from significant topography. This implies that, contrary to expectations of increased wind-induced mixing under declining Arctic sea-ice cover, the stratification in the central Canada Basin continues to suppress turbulent mixing at intermediate depths and to effectively isolate the large Atlantic and Pacific heat reservoirs from the sea surface.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2012-05-17
    Description: Enhanced semidiurnal-band velocity shear across the shelf halocline layer (SHL) was found during land-fast ice edge mooring-based acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) and conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) observations over the eastern Laptev Sea shelf (∼74°N, 128°E) in April–May 2008 and April 2009. In 2008, the major axis amplitude for the lunar semidiurnal M2 tidal ellipses demonstrated intermediate maximum in the SHL at 11–13 m (15 ± 3 cm/s), gradually decreasing to subice and near-bottom layers to ∼9 ± 3 cm/s (at 7 m) and 7 ± 2 cm/s (at 19 m), respectively. In 2009, the semidiurnal tidal flow exhibited similar patterns, but velocities were reduced by about factor of 2. Our estimates of gradient Richardson numbers suggest that the velocity shear associated with semidiurnal baroclinic tidal flow may be strong enough to play a role in water mass modification, promoting shear instabilities, turbulence, and vertical mixing of seawater properties across the SHL. This suggestion is consistent with near-homogeneous water layers episodically occurring in the SHL. Differences in the background stratification and local tidal dynamics between 2008 and 2009, together with rapid responses of the semidiurnal motion to polynya openings, suggest that the baroclinic tide is locally generated.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-12-02
    Description: Drake Passage is the narrowest constriction of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) in the Southern Ocean, with implications for global ocean circulation and climate. We review the long-term sustained monitoring programs that have been conducted at Drake Passage, dating back to the early part of the twentieth century. Attention is drawn to numerous breakthroughs that have been made from these programs, including (1) the first determinations of the complex ACC structure and early quantifications of its transport; (2) realization that the ACC transport is remarkably steady over interannual and longer periods, and a growing understanding of the processes responsible for this; (3) recognition of the role of coupled climate modes in dictating the horizontal transport and the role of anthropogenic processes in this; and (4) understanding of mechanisms driving changes in both the upper and lower limbs of the Southern Ocean overturning circulation and their impacts. It is argued that monitoring of this passage remains a high priority for oceanographic and climate research but that strategic improvements could be made concerning how this is conducted. In particular, long-term programs should concentrate on delivering quantifications of key variables of direct relevance to large-scale environmental issues: In this context, the time-varying overturning circulation is, if anything, even more compelling a target than the ACC flow. Further, there is a need for better international resource sharing and improved spatiotemporal coordination of the measurements. If achieved, the improvements in understanding of important climatic issues deriving from Drake Passage monitoring can be sustained into the future.
    Print ISSN: 8755-1209
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1977-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0302-766X
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0878
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2014-10-25
    Description: In the Southern Ocean, small-scale turbulence causes diapycnal mixing which influences important water mass transformations, in turn impacting large-scale ocean transports such as the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC), a key controller of Earth'sclimate. We present direct observations of mixing over the Antarctic continental slope between water masses that are part of the Southern Ocean MOC. A 12-hour time-series of microstructure turbulence measurements, hydrography and velocity observations off Elephant Island, north of the Antarctic Peninsula, reveals two concurrent bursts of elevated dissipation of O (10 –6 Wkg –1 , resulting in heat fluxes ~10 times higher than basin-integrated Drake Passage estimates. This occurs across the boundary between adjacent adiabatic upwelling and downwelling overturning cells. Ray tracing and topography show mixing between 300-400 m consistent with the breaking of locally-generated internal tidal waves. Since similar conditions extend to much of the Antarctic continental slope where these water masses outcrop, their transformation may contribute significantly to upwelling.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2014-11-27
    Description: Journal of the American Chemical Society DOI: 10.1021/ja507179d
    Print ISSN: 0002-7863
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5126
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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