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  • 1
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    Ocean observations in support of studies and forecasts of tropical and extratropical cyclones (2019)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Domingues, R., Kuwano-Yoshida, A., Chardon-Maldonado, P., Todd, R. E., Halliwell, G., Kim, H., Lin, I., Sato, K., Narazaki, T., Shay, L. K., Miles, T., Glenn, S., Zhang, J. A., Jayne, S. R., Centurioni, L., Le Henaff, M., Foltz, G. R., Bringas, F., Ali, M. M., DiMarco, S. F., Hosoda, S., Fukuoka, T., LaCour, B., Mehra, A., Sanabia, E. R., Gyakum, J. R., Dong, J., Knaff, J. A., & Goni, G. Ocean observations in support of studies and forecasts of tropical and extratropical cyclones. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, (2019): 446, doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00446.
    Description: Over the past decade, measurements from the climate-oriented ocean observing system have been key to advancing the understanding of extreme weather events that originate and intensify over the ocean, such as tropical cyclones (TCs) and extratropical bomb cyclones (ECs). In order to foster further advancements to predict and better understand these extreme weather events, a need for a dedicated observing system component specifically to support studies and forecasts of TCs and ECs has been identified, but such a system has not yet been implemented. New technologies, pilot networks, targeted deployments of instruments, and state-of-the art coupled numerical models have enabled advances in research and forecast capabilities and illustrate a potential framework for future development. Here, applications and key results made possible by the different ocean observing efforts in support of studies and forecasts of TCs and ECs, as well as recent advances in observing technologies and strategies are reviewed. Then a vision and specific recommendations for the next decade are discussed.
    Description: This study was supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and JSPS KAKENHI (Grant Numbers: JP17K19093, JP16K12591, and JP16H01846).
    Keywords: Tropical cyclones ; Extratropical bomb cyclones ; Upper-ocean temperature ; Ocean heat content ; Global ocean observing system ; Weather extremes ; Natural hazards ; Coupled ocean-atmosphere forecasts
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
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    Ensemble data assimilation of ocean surface wind estimated by seabird biologging (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-16
    Description: Monitoring ocean and atmospheric conditions on the sea surface is indispensable for understanding atmosphere-ocean interaction, but there is now a significant spatio-temporal gap in the observing system. These days, biologging, which is a method to measure animals’ movement or their environment by attaching a small data logger to their body, has been attracting as a new way of meteorological observation to fill the gap. In particular, a revolutionary method, in which we can simultaneously estimate the bird’s orientation and their environmental wind from their flight paths, was proposed. In this research, we used ocean surface winds in the summer of 2018 estimated by this method using GPS positional data of streaked shearwaters which build a nest in Awashima island, Japan. We conducted an Observing System Experiment (OSE) , running analysis-forecast cycles with and without the bird-wind data (named BIRD and CTRL, respectively) and examined those observation impacts. The regional reanalysis system we used is NHM-LETKF, which combined JMA’s non-hydrostatic model (NHM) with the local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) as the data assimilation method. We compared the surface wind spread of BIRD with that of CTRL averaged in the calculation period. Bird observation points were distributed along the coast from Japan-Sea to southern Hokkaido, and these observation impacts propagated to the northern part of Japan-Sea and the western pacific. Also, three typhoons passed on and around Japan during this period, and these central pressures or courses differed from BIRD to CTRL. We will discuss the observation impacts on these typhoons.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 3
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    The Gulf Stream influence on wintertime North Atlantic jet variability (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: In this paper we investigate the influence of the Gulf Stream SST front on the North Atlantic eddy-driven jet and its variability, by analysing the NCEP-CFSR dataset and a pair of AGCM simulations forced with realistic and smoothed Gulf Stream SST boundary conditions. The Gulf Stream SST front acts to generate stronger meridional eddy heat flux in the lower-troposphere and an eddy-driven jet over the eastern North Atlantic that is located further polewards, compared to the simulation with smoothed SST. The strong Gulf Stream SST gradient is found to be crucial in more accurately capturing the trimodal distribution of the eddy-driven jet latitude, with the more poleward climatological jet being the result of the jet occupying the northern jet position more frequently in the simulation forced with observed SSTs. The more frequent occurence of the northern jet location is associated with periods of high eddy heat flux over the Gulf Stream region. Composite analysis of high eddy heat flux events reveals that the significantly higher heat flux is followed by larger and more persistient poleward jet excursions in the simulations with realistic SSTs compared to the simulation with smoothed SSTs, with upper-tropospheric eddy momentum fluxes acting to maintain the more poleward eddy-driven jet. Periods of high eddy heat flux over the Gulf Stream region are also shown to be associated with increased blocking frequency over Europe, which are clearly distinct from periods with a northern jet position.
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-870X
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Wiley
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  • 4
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    Deep oceanic zonal jets constrained by fine-scale wind stress curls in the South Pacific Ocean: A high-resolution coupled GCM study (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-24
    Description: Oceanic alternating zonal jets at depth have been detected ubiquitously in observations and ocean general circulation models (GCMs). Such oceanic jets are generally considered as being generated by purely oceanic processes. Here we explore a possible air-sea interaction induced by surface signatures of the deep zonal jets using an eddy-permitting coupled atmosphere-ocean GCM (CGCM). The 23-year CGCM integration reproduces bands of latitudinally-narrow alternating jets in the Southeast Pacific. They extend from the sea surface to well below the main thermocline and are embedded in the large-scale westward-flowing South Equatorial Current, the latter mostly confined above the thermocline. These jets generate fine-scale sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies through the advection of zonal temperature gradients. The atmospheric boundary layer appears to respond thermally to this fine-scale SST field, which induces fine-scale wind stress anomaly through atmospheric pressure adjustment, as indicated by a good spatial correlation between the SST Laplacian field and the fine-scale wind stress curl. A Sverdrup calculation on the wind stress field of the CGCM predicts fine-scale zonal currents driven by the meridional gradient of the fine-scale wind stress curl. The positions of these Sverdrup currents are generally coincident with those of the original zonal jets and the Sverdrup prediction explains roughly half of the amplitudes of the jets. While the original cause of the deep zonal jets simulated in our CGCM is unidentified, this analysis suggests that there is likely a positive air-sea feedback: the jets generate fine-scale wind stress curl that reinforces themselves through the Sverdrup dynamics.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    Dependence of the climatological axial latitudes of the tropospheric westerlies and storm tracks on the latitude of an extratropical oceanic front (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-09
    Description: Major “storm tracks”, where migratory cyclones and anticyclones recurrently develop, are observed around midlatitude oceanic frontal zones with strong meridional gradient of sea-surface temperature (SST). A set of atmospheric general circulation model experiments is performed with zonally uniform SST prescribed at the model lower boundary. The latitudinal SST profile for each hemisphere is characterized by a single front. The frontal latitude is varied systematically from one experiment to another, while the intensity of the frontal gradient is kept unchanged. Though idealized, the experiments reveal a climatological tendency for a low-level storm track to be organized along or slightly poleward of the SST front if located in the subtropics or midlatitudes. As a surface manifestation of an eddy-driven polar-front jet (PFJ), surface westerly axis tends to form on the poleward flank of the front. This anchoring effect of the SST front is also hinted at upper levels, but the climatological positions of the storm track and PFJ are less sensitive to the frontal latitude. For the SST front at subpolar latitude, the joint primary axes of the upper-level storm track and PFJ form in midlatitudes away from the SST front. Their positions correspond to their counterpart simulated with a particular SST profile from which frontal gradient has been removed, suggesting that the anchoring effect of a subpolar SST front on the storm track and PFJ is overshadowed by atmospheric internal dynamics, namely, the self-maintenance mechanism of a midlatitude storm track and PFJ through their interactions.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Influence of the Gulf Stream on the troposphere (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-14
    Description: The Gulf Stream transports large amounts of heat from the tropics to middle and high latitudes, and thereby affects weather phenomena such as cyclogenesis and low cloud formation. But its climatic influence, on monthly and longer timescales, remains poorly understood. In particular, it is unclear how the warm current affects the free atmosphere above the marine atmospheric boundary layer. Here we consider the Gulf Stream's influence on the troposphere, using a combination of operational weather analyses, satellite observations and an atmospheric general circulation model. Our results reveal that the Gulf Stream affects the entire troposphere. In the marine boundary layer, atmospheric pressure adjustments to sharp sea surface temperature gradients lead to surface wind convergence, which anchors a narrow band of precipitation along the Gulf Stream. In this rain band, upward motion and cloud formation extend into the upper troposphere, as corroborated by the frequent occurrence of very low cloud-top temperatures. These mechanisms provide a pathway by which the Gulf Stream can affect the atmosphere locally, and possibly also in remote regions by forcing planetary waves. The identification of this pathway may have implications for our understanding of the processes involved in climate change, because the Gulf Stream is the upper limb of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, which has varied in strength in the past and is predicted to weaken in response to human-induced global warming in the future.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Minobe, Shoshiro -- Kuwano-Yoshida, Akira -- Komori, Nobumasa -- Xie, Shang-Ping -- Small, Richard Justin -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 13;452(7184):206-9. doi: 10.1038/nature06690.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Natural History Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan. minobe@sci.hokudai.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18337820" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atlantic Ocean ; *Atmosphere/analysis ; Greenhouse Effect ; Rain ; Satellite Communications ; Temperature ; *Water Movements ; *Wind
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 7
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    The atmospheric frontal response to SST perturbations in the Gulf Stream region (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-16
    Description: The link between sea-surface temperature (SST) gradients and atmospheric fronts is explored in a General Circulation Model across the Gulf Stream (GS) region, from December-February 1981-2000. Two model experiments are analysed, one with a realistic control SST distribution and one with a spatially smoothed SST distribution. The analysis shows a noticeable change in regional atmospheric frontal frequency between the two experiments (up to 30%), with the distribution of change exhibiting a clear imprint of the GS SST front. Further analysis of the surface sensible heat flux gradient across cold fronts reveals the pattern of change to be mediated by a thermal interaction between the oceanic and atmospheric fronts (“thermal damping and strengthening”). These results not only emphasize the significance of the GS SST gradient for storm development in the North Atlantic, but also highlight the importance of resolution in assessing the role of frontal air-sea interaction in mid-latitude climate variability.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    A striking early-summer event of a convective rainband persistent along the warm Kuroshio in the East China Sea (2012)
    Co-Action Publishing
    In: Tellus A
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-11-27
    Description: A narrow, well-defined rainband persisted over the East China Sea on 19-20 May 2010, well separated from the Baiu/Meiyu front to its north. The rainband formed along the Kuroshio, leading us to the hypothesis that its high sea-surface temperature (SST) helped organise and maintain convective precipitation within the warm, moist surface southerlies. This hypothesis is verified through a pair of experiments with a regional atmospheric model. An experiment where high-resolution SST is prescribed as the lower-boundary condition is successful in reproducing the observed rainband. The reproduction is, however, unsuccessful in the other experiment where the narrow band of SST maxima along the Kuroshio has been artificially eliminated by smoothing. These experiments demonstrate that the high SST along the Kuroshio was of critical importance in organising the convective rainband separated from the Baiu/Meiyu front, thus presenting evidence that a mid-latitude western boundary current can influence the overlying atmosphere. Additional experiments suggest that the orography of Taiwan can also contribute positively to the organisation of the rainband by enhancing the convergence of the surface southerlies over the warm Kuroshio. Keywords: atmosphere-ocean interaction, deep convection, precipitation band, western boundary current, mid-latitude, regional model (Published: 26 November 2012) Citation: Tellus A 2012, 64 , 18962, http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v64i0.18962
    Print ISSN: 0280-6495
    Electronic ISSN: 1600-0870
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Co-Action Publishing on behalf of The International Meteorological Institute in Stockholm.
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  • 9
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    Impact of explosive cyclones on the deep ocean in the North Pacific using an eddy-resolving OGCM (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-06
    Description: The oceanic response to explosive cyclones over the North Pacific in winter is investigated using eddy-resolving 34-yr hindcast simulation of a quasi-global ocean. Its response appears as a horizontal divergence of the surface layer above 60 m depth and upward flow that reaches 2000 m depth. A case study of a typical explosive cyclone using hourly outputs from January 2011 shows that the explosive cyclone induces horizontal divergence within the surface-mixed layer and upward flow that reaches 6000 m depths. The flow causes oceanic internal waves and temperature cooling because of the vertical advection in the deep ocean. The interannual variability of explosive cyclone activity in January affects the amplitude of the vertical motion and the daily-scale temperature variations in the deep ocean.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Storm-Track Response to SST Fronts in the Northwestern Pacific Region in an AGCM (2017)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2017-01-20
    Description: The storm-track response to sea surface temperature (SST) fronts in the northwestern Pacific region is investigated using an atmospheric general circulation model with a 50-km horizontal resolution. The following two experiments are conducted: one with 0.25° daily SST data (CNTL) and the other with smoothed SSTs over an area covering SST fronts associated with the Kuroshio, the Kuroshio Extension, the Oyashio, and the subpolar front (SMTHK). The storm track estimated from the local deepening rate of surface pressure (LDR) exhibits a prominent peak in this region in CNTL in January, whereas the storm-track peak weakens and moves eastward in SMTHK. Storm-track differences between CNTL and SMTHK are only found in explosive deepening events with LDR larger than 1 hPa h−1. A diagnostic equation of LDR suggests that latent heat release associated with large-scale condensation contributes to the storm-track enhancement. The SST fronts also affect the large-scale atmospheric circulation over the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The jet stream in the upper troposphere tends to meander northward, which is associated with positive sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies in CNTL, whereas the jet stream flows zonally in SMTHK. A composite analysis for the northwestern Pacific SLP anomaly suggests that frequent explosive cyclone development in the northwestern Pacific in CNTL causes downstream positive SLP anomalies over the Gulf of Alaska. Cyclones in SMTHK developing over the northeastern Pacific enhance the moisture flux along the west coast of North America, increasing precipitation in that region.
    Print ISSN: 0894-8755
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0442
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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