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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reproductive senescence and terminal investment in female Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) at Salem (1993)
    Springer
    International journal of primatology 14 (1993), S. 105-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: Barbary macaques ; fecundity ; reproductive senescence ; maternal investment ; menopause
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The reproductive history of 207 female Barbary macaques, living in a large outdoor enclosure in Southwest Germany, was studied during an 11-year period. The results yielded a significant relationship between female age and fecundity, with fertility rates lower than expected among young and old females. Analysis of the reproductive history of individual females revealed a significant decline in fertility from prime age (7–12 years) to mid age (13–19 years), and from mid age to old age (20–25 years). The proportion of long interbirth intervals increased steadily among aging females. Infant survival was not significantly related to maternal age, but offspring of old females showed the highest survivorship. Behavioral observations revealed that old mothers weaned their offspring significantly later than younger mothers, suggesting that prolongation of interbirth intervals is due not only to deteriorating physical condition but also to increased maternal investment, as life history theory predicts. Reproduction ceased during the middle of the third decade of life. Final cessation of estrous cycling invariably occurred 3 or 4 years after the birth of the last offspring, but a postreproductive life span of ≥5 years appears to be common in this population. Available data suggest that reproductive senescence and menopause are more common among nonhuman primates than widely believed and that both traits are part of an adaptive life history strategy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02196506
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Male Migration in Barbary Macaques (Macaca sylvanus) at Affenberg Salem (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of primatology 20 (1999), S. 85-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: male migration ; natal migration ; group transfer ; group choice ; Barbary macaque ; Macaca sylvanus ; function ; inbreeding avoidance ; male competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We analyzed male migration during a 20-year period in the free-ranging Barbary macaque population of Affenberg Salem. Most natal migrations occurred around puberty, but only one third of all males left the natal group. Secondary group transfers were rare. All males immediately transferred to other bisexual groups. Migration rates were highest during periods with high adult female/male ratios within social groups. Immigrants highly preferred groups with fewer males of their own age than in the natal group, and many males immigrated into groups that had no male their own age. These groups originated from a skewed distribution of resident males during group fissions. A comparison of emigrants with their natal peers supports the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis as cause of emigration rather than the male competition avoidance hypothesis. Emigrants had no lower individual rank position and did not come from lower-ranking matrilines. Emigrants had more female maternal relatives, especially sisters. Males without female relatives almost never emigrated. Conversely, there is virtually no indication that emigrants were evicted from the natal group. Emigrants had no increased mortality. Paternity data revealed that the reproductive success of emigrants and natal males is similar, indicating that emigration had no reproductive cost. Many similarities between emigrants and natal males that separated from female maternal kin during group fissions suggest that inner migration during fissions is an alternative way to avoid maternal inbreeding. The mating system resulted in a genetic structure within social groups that largely diminished the chances for paternal inbreeding even without recognizing paternal kin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020536317646
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age-related and individual differences of reproductive success in male and female barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) (1995)
    Springer
    Primates 36 (1995), S. 461-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Macaca sylvanus ; DNA-fingerprinting ; Paternity ; Age ; Reproductive success
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Age-related and individual differences in longterm reproductive success were analyzed in two social groups of free-ranging Barbary macaques. Maternity data were obtained from continuous birth records and paternity was determined with oligonucleotide-fingerprinting. The fathers of 246 of 286 investigated individuals could be identified. They were born during a 14-year period and represented 73 and 34% of all known offspring from the females of the study groups B/F and C, respectively. Only these infants were considered when comparing male reproductive success with that of females. The necessary adjustment of the female data resulted in small deviations from the true values in one group, but substantially increased individual differences in female fertility in the second group. Subadult males, 4.5 – 6.5 yrs old, had a much lower reproductive success than adult males (7.5 – 25 yrs old) and same-aged females. Reproductive success of adult males was not significantly affected by age, while females invariably ceased reproduction during the first half of the third decade of life. Males were more likely than females to leave no offspring, unless they survived 9 – 10 yrs of age. The number of years with breeding opportunities was important for male reproductive success but less significant than that for females. Reproductive success of several males during the 14-year study period was similar to or even exceeded that possible for a female in her whole lifetime. Variance of male reproductive success significantly exceeded that of females in both study groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382869
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The association between rank, mating effort, and reproductive success in male Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) (1993)
    Springer
    Primates 34 (1993), S. 491-502 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Barbary macaques ; Paternity ; Rank ; Mating effort ; Sperm competition ; Reproductive success
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The association between social rank, mating effort, and reproductive success of male Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) has been evaluated by longterm behavioral observations and subsequent paternity determination via oligonucleotide DNA fingerprinting in a large semifreeranging group. All offspring born between 1985 and 1988 that survived to at least 1 year of age (n=75) were available for paternity testing. The exclusion of all but one of the potential fathers from paternity was possible in 70 cases (93%). Mating activities were recorded using ad lib. and focal female sampling techniques. The analysis of male mating effort was restricted to the most likely days of conception. Male rank correlated significantly with male mating success in all four breeding seasons and with male reproductive success in three of the four seasons. Mating success and reproductive success also showed a significant correlation, with the exception of one breeding season, in which the proportion of males per fertilizable female was especially high. Poor mating success was almost always associated with poor reproductive success, while good mating success was less predictive for a male's actual reproductive success. This was apparently a consequence of sperm competition, resulting from the promiscuous mating system. Male mating success is not necessarily an unreliable indicator for reproductive success, provided that sufficient sample sizes are available and that conception periods can be determined. Sperm competition and other factors may weaken the association, however.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382660
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adaptive significance of sex ratio adjustment in semifree-ranging Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) at Salem (1990)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 27 (1990), S. 287-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary New data on the secondary sex ratio in semi-free-ranging Barbary macaques at Salem confirm the observation that the offspring of high-ranking females in this colony are biased towards sons while the offspring of low-ranking females are biased towards daughters. Analysis of interbirth intervals yielded no consistent differences in the relative costs of rearing male and female offspring for either high- or low-ranking females. Survivorship to adulthood of male and female offspring born to mothers of all rank classes was remarkably high, and there was no indication that juvenile females of low-ranking mothers face any greater risk. Daughters of high- and low-ranking mothers showed no substantial differences in reproductive success, while mating and probably reproductive success of sons seemed to be dependent on maternal rank, at least at the beginning of their reproductive career. The results suggest that variation in sex ratio does increase parental fitness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00164902
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Infant handling by female Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) at Affenberg Salem: testing functional and evolutionary hypotheses (1996)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 39 (1996), S. 133-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Infant handling ; Learning-to-mother ; Kin selection ; By-product ; Macaca sylvanus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Assisting the genetic parents in the rearing of young, a widespread phenomenon in many birds and mammals, is usually regarded as an altruistic or mutualistic behavior. Infant handling by females other than the mother is also common in many primates, but due to high within- and between-species variation and limited knowledge about fitness consequences there is no consensus about its evolutionary and functional significance. Analysis of female infant-handling patterns and its reproductive consequences in three groups of semifree-ranging Barbary macaques revealed that nulliparous females significantly more often handled infants than parous females, but infant handling experience did not affect survival of their own first live-born offspring. Females interacted preferentially with closely related infants, but infant handling frequency improved neither infant survival nor maternal fecundity. Reciprocation of infant handling by mothers was rare. Although “aunting to death” occurred in the population, the hypothesis that infant handling serves to reduce the fitness of competitors was not supported. Limited evidence suggests that females at least sometimes use infants as strategic tools in the course of alliance formation. In concert with this poor evidence for a functional basis of the behavior, several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that infant handling evolved as a non-adaptive by-product of a strong selection for mother-offspring bonding. (1) Rates of infant handling were highest among females that experienced early infant loss. (2) Females caring for infants or yearlings of their own handled other infants significantly less often than females without dependent offspring. (3) Infant handling by females was most prevalent during the infants’ first month of life. (4) Both “aunting to death” and a successful adoption occurred irrespective of kinship relations. Although the by-product hypothesis appears to be the only one able to explain all results of this study, the apparent rarity of infant handling in non-female-bonded species suggest that kin selection is a possible alternative explanation for the evolution of female infant-handling in primates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050275
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dominance, kinship and reproductive value in female Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) at Affenberg Salem (1987)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 21 (1987), S. 323-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the course of a long-term study on social organization of semi-free-ranging Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) at Affenberg Salem, genealogical and cross-genealogical rank relations of adult and adolescent females in three social groups were studied. Female rank was highly dependent on maternal rank, but the process of rank acquisition was also affected by age/size differences between members of different families. Mother-daughter rank reversal was rare, but all old, postreproductive matriarchs were outranked by their adult daughters. Contrary to findings of other studies on macaques, younger sisters seldom outranked older sisters. There was no genealogy with a strict age-inversed hierarchy among adult sisters as described for rhesus and Japanese macaques. Rank reversals between sisters were more frequent in genealogies with old or dead matriarchs, in large clans, and in dyads with an age difference of more than 1 year, indicating that demographic variables influence intra-genealogical dominance relations. It is suggested that close, long-lasting relationships between sisters and mothers and doughters impede rank reversals. Previous evolutionary models of female dominance relations in primates that explain rank relations among sisters as a function of their reproductive value or as a strategy of the mother to maintain her own status are not supported by the data. The results of this and other studies indicate that rank reversal between sisters is not as universal for Old World monkeys, or even macaques, as frequently proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00299970
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