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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    corrigendum: Altered performance of forest pests under atmospheres enriched by CO 2 and O 3 (2003)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 421 (2003), S. 190-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Nature 420, 403–407 (2002). In this Letter, the conversion to SI units led to several errors. On page 404, left column, lines 16 and 17, the values should read 10–15 and 30–40 nanolitres per litre. On page 405, right column, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01329
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Altered performance of forest pests under atmospheres enriched by CO 2 and O 3 (2002)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 420 (2002), S. 403-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Human activity causes increasing background concentrations of the greenhouse gases CO2 and O3. Increased levels of CO2 can be found in all terrestrial ecosystems. Damaging O3 concentrations currently occur over 29% of the world's temperate and ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01028
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photosynthesis, carboxylation and leaf nitrogen responses of 16 species to elevated pCO2 across four free-air CO2 enrichment experiments in forest, grassland and desert (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 10 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: The magnitude of changes in carboxylation capacity in dominant plant species under long-term elevated CO2 exposure (elevated pCa) directly impacts ecosystem CO2 assimilation from the atmosphere. We analyzed field CO2 response curves of 16 C3 species of different plant growth forms in favorable growth conditions in four free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments in a pine and deciduous forest, a grassland and a desert. Among species and across herb, tree and shrub growth forms there were significant enhancements in CO2 assimilation (A) by +40±5% in elevated pCa (49.5–57.1 Pa), although there were also significant reductions in photosynthetic capacity in elevated pCa in some species. Photosynthesis at a common pCa (Aa) was significantly reduced in five species growing under elevated pCa, while leaf carboxylation capacity (Vcmax) was significantly reduced by elevated pCa in seven species (change of −19±3% among these species) across different growth forms and FACE sites. Adjustments in Vcmax with elevated pCa were associated with changes in leaf N among species, and occurred in species with the highest leaf N. Elevated pCa treatment did not affect the mass-based relationships between A or Vcmax and N, which differed among herbs, trees and shrubs. Thus, effects of elevated pCa on leaf C assimilation and carboxylation capacity occurred largely through changes in leaf N, rather than through elevated pCa effects on the relationships themselves. Maintenance of leaf carboxylation capacity among species in elevated pCa at these sites depends on maintenance of canopy N stocks, with leaf N depletion associated with photosynthetic capacity adjustments. Since CO2 responses can only be measured experimentally on a small number of species, understanding elevated CO2 effects on canopy Nm and Na will greatly contribute to an ability to model responses of leaf photosynthesis to atmospheric CO2 in different species and plant growth forms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00867.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemistry and decomposition of litter from Populus tremuloides Michaux grown at elevated atmospheric CO2 and varying N availability (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 7 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: It has been hypothesized that greater production of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) in foliage grown under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) will result in higher concentrations of defensive compounds in tree leaf litter, possibly leading to reduced rates of decomposition and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems of the future. To evaluate the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on litter chemistry and decomposition, we performed a 111 day laboratory incubation with leaf litter of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michaux) produced at 36 Pa and 56 Pa CO2 and two levels of soil nitrogen (N) availability. Decomposition was quantified as microbially respired CO2 and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil solution, and concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates, N, carbon (C), and condensed tannins were monitored throughout the incubation. Growth under elevated atmospheric CO2 did not significantly affect initial litter concentrations of TNC, N, or condensed tannins. Rates of decomposition, measured as both microbially respired CO2 and DOC did not differ between litter produced under ambient and elevated CO2. Total C lost from the samples was 38 mg g−1 litter as respired CO2 and 138 mg g−1 litter as DOC, suggesting short-term pulses of dissolved C in soil solution are important components of the terrestrial C cycle. We conclude that litter chemistry and decomposition in trembling aspen are minimally affected by growth under higher concentrations of CO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00388.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stem wood properties of Populus tremuloides, Betula papyrifera and Acer saccharum saplings after 3 years of treatments to elevated carbon dioxide and ozone (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 10 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of elevated carbon dioxide [CO2] and ozone [O3] and their interaction on wood chemistry and anatomy of five clones of 3-year-old trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). Wood chemistry was studied also on paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) seedling-origin saplings of the same age. Material for the study was collected from the Aspen Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment in Rhinelander, WI, USA, where the saplings had been exposed to four treatments: control (C; ambient CO2, ambient O3), elevated CO2 (560 ppm during daylight hours), elevated O3 (1.5 × ambient during daylight hours) and their combination (CO2+O3) for three growing seasons (1998–2000). Wood chemistry responses to the elevated CO2 and O3 treatments differed between species. Aspen was most responsive, while maple was the least responsive of the three tree species. Aspen genotype affected the responses of wood chemistry and, to some extent, wood structure to the treatments. The lignin concentration increased under elevated O3 in four clones of aspen and in birch. However, elevated CO2 ameliorated the effect. In two aspen clones, nitrogen in wood samples decreased under combined exposure to CO2 and O3. Soluble sugar concentration in one aspen clone and starch concentration in two clones were increased by elevated CO2. In aspen wood, α-cellulose concentration changed under elevated CO2, decreasing under ambient O3 and slightly increasing under elevated O3. Hemicellulose concentration in birch was decreased by elevated CO2 and increased by elevated O3. In aspen, elevated O3 induced statistically significant reductions in distance from the pith to the bark and vessel lumen diameter, as well as increased wall thickness and wall percentage, and in one clone, decreased fibre lumen diameter. Our results show that juvenile wood properties of broadleaves, depending on species and genotype, were altered by atmospheric gas concentrations predicted for the year 2050 and that CO2 ameliorates some adverse effects of elevated O3 on wood chemistry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00814.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal, diurnal and rehydration-induced variation of pressure-volume relationships in Pseudotsuga menziesii (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 83 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Seasonal and diurnal variation and rehydration effects of pressure-volume parameters in Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco from a plantation in central Pennsylvania, USA, were evaluated during May-September, 1989. Predawn elastic modulus was lowest in overwintering and newly expanded shoots in May and June, respectively, whereas predawn osmotic potentials at full and zero turgor were lowest in May and in early September, following an August drought. Seasonal variation in predawn relative water content at zero turgor was highly correlated with increases and decreases in elastic modulus and osmotic potential. Diurnal osmotic adjustment resulted in nearly constant turgor pressure, despite decreases in bulk shoot water potential. Elastic modulus decreased diurnally on 1 August and increased on 3 September. Decreases in osmotic potential and/or elastic modulus on 24 June and 1 August lowered the relative water content at zero turgor. Plateaus in pressure-volume data caused by excess apoplastic water, were present in 67% of naturally rehydrated shoots and in all of the shoots artificially rehydrated for 3, 6, 12 and 24 h, and they increased in volume with rehydration time. Plateaus represented 80–95% of the excess apoplastic water lost during pressure-volume analysis. Correcting for plateaus via linear regression had no significant effect on osmotic potential at full turgor; however, uncorrected elastic modulus and relative water content at zero turgor were often significantly lower than the plateau-corrected values, particularly in artificially rehydrated shoots. Plateau-corrected osmotic potential at full turgor and osmotic potential at zero turgor were significantly higher in most artificially rehydrated shoots than in those naturally rehydrated as the result of loss of symplastic solutes. Corrected elastic modulus decreased following 12 and 24 h of rehydration and corrected relative water content at zero turgor increased in as little as 3 h of rehydration. These results indicate that seasonal and diurnal patterns of tissue-water parameters in Pseudotsuga menziesii vary with plant phenology and drought conditions, and that the length of rehydration period is an important consideration for pressure-volume studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1991.tb01288.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationships among root branch order, carbon, and nitrogen in four temperate species (1997)
    Springer
    Oecologia 111 (1997), S. 302-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Fine roots ; Architecture ; Nitrogen ; Turnover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to examine how root length, diameter, specific root length, and root carbon and nitrogen concentrations were related to root branching patterns. The branching root systems of two temperate tree species, Acer saccharum Marsh. and Fraxinus americana L., and two perennial herbs from horizontal rhizomes, Hydrophyllum canadense L. and Viola pubescens Ait., were quantified by dissecting entire root systems collected from the understory of an A. saccharum-Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. forest. The root systems of each species grew according to a simple branching process, with laterals emerging from the main roots some distance behind the tip. Root systems normally consisted of only 4–6 branches (orders). Root diameter, length, and number of branches declined with increasing order and there were significant differences among species. Specific root length increased with order in all species. Nitrogen concentration increased with order in the trees, but remained constant in the perennial herbs. More than 75% of the cumulative root length of tree seedling root systems was accounted for by short (2–10 mm) lateral roots almost always 〈0.3 mm in diameter. Simple assumptions suggest that many tree roots normally considered part of the dynamic fine-root pool (e.g., all roots 〈2.0 mm in diameter) are too large to exhibit rapid rates of production and mortality. The smallest tree roots may be the least expensive to construct but the most expensive to maintain based on an increase in N concentration with order.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050239
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecophysiological analysis of woody species in contrasting temperate communities during wet and dry years (1994)
    Springer
    Oecologia 98 (1994), S. 303-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Drought ; Tissue-water relations Gas exchange ; Microenvironment ; Pennsylvania
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study employed an intensive sampling regime in which leaf gas exchange and tissue-water relations were measured simultaneously on the same leaf at midday on 19 tree species from three distinct forest communities during wet (1990) and dry (1991) growing seasons. The study sites were located on a xeric barrens, a misic valley floor, and a wet-mesic floodplain in central Pennsylvania, United States. The xeric, mesic, and wetmesic sties had drought-related decreases in gravimetric soil moisture of 53, 34 and 27%, respectively. During the wet year, xeric and mesic communities had high seasonal mean photosynthetic rates (A) and stomatal conductance of water vapor (g wv) and low midday leaf water potential (ψ), whereas the wet-mesic community had low A and g wv and high midday ψ. The mesic and wet-mesic communities had dry year decreases in predawn ψ, g wv and A with the greatest drought effect occurring in the mesic community. Regression analysis indicated that species from each site that exhibited high wet-year A and g wv tended to have low midday ψ. This trend was reversed only in the mesic community in the drought year. Despite differences in midday ψ, all three communities had similar midday leaf turgor pressure (ψp) in the wet year attributable to lower osmotic potential at zero turgor (ψ π 0 ) with increasing site droughtiness. Lower wet year ψ π 0 in the xeric community was due to low symplast volume rather than high solute content. Species with the lowest ψ π 0 in the wet year often did not have the lowest ψ π 100 possibly related to differences in tissue elasticity. Moreover, increased elasticity during drought may have masked osmotic adjustment in ψ π 100 but not in ψ π 0 , via dilution of solutes at full hydration in some species. Despite the sampling regime used, there were no relationships between gas exchange and osmotic and elastic parameters that were consistently significant among communities or years. This result questions the universal, direct effect of osmotic and elastic adjustments in the maintenance of photosynthesis during drought. By including a large number of species, this study provided new insight to the ecophysiology of contrasting forest communities, and the community-wide impact of drought on contrasting sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324218
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  • 9
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    Extrapolating plot-scale CO2 and ozone enrichment experimental results to novel conditions and scales using mechanistic modeling (2018)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-05
    Electronic ISSN: 2192-1709
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    Seasonal ecophysiology and leaf morphology of four successional Pennsylvania barrens species in open versus understory environments (1993)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-02-01
    Description: Seasonal net photosynthesis, water relations, and leaf structure were measured in co-occurring saplings of Quercusvelutina Lam., Quercusprinus L., Sassafrasalbidum (Nutt.) Nees, and Acerrubrwn L. from adjacent open and understory sites in the central Pennsylvania barrens, United States. Saplings of all species exhibited significant physiological and morphological plasticity, which included greater area-based photosynthesis, leaf conductance, water-use efficiency, stomatal density, specific leaf mass, and leaf thickness on the open site. However, only Q. velutina had greater net photosynthesis in the open versus understory when photosynthesis was expressed on a mass basis. The earlier successional Quercus spp. and S. albidum exhibited higher diurnal and seasonal gas exchange in the open than the later successional A. rubrum, although all species exhibited significant diurnal declines in photosynthesis. Quercus spp. exhibited a 56–62% greater decrease in diurnal water potential compared with S. albidum and A. rubrum in both the open and understory. Sassafras maintained high gas-exchange rates in the open without experiencing large diurnal tissue water deficits. Seasonal variations in net photosynthesis and leaf conductance were significantly correlated with each other and with specific leaf mass. Light-response curves predicted greater saturating light levels and greater rates of maximum photosynthesis in the early successional species versus A. rubrum, but similar light compensation values in all species. The results of this study suggest that each species displayed many similar and unique adaptations and responses to varying light and water availability in the barrens environment.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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