ALBERT

Description: Measurements of uranium concentration and the 234U/238 U activity ratio in oceanic basalts which have undergone low-temperature seafloor alteration indicate that uranium uptake is a pervasive occurrence but that the various phases involved behave differently with respect to this process. Palagonite exhibits uranium contents 8-20 times higher than unaltered glass coupled with low 234U/238U, suggesting ongoing preferential leaching of 234U. Altered crystalline interiors of several old basalts have 234U/238U 〉 1, indicative of recent uranium exchange with seawater. The data also provide evidence for uranium sources with 234U/238U higher than the seawater value of 1.14. Manganese crusts on basalts of a variety of ages have isotopic ratios indicating that they either are recent deposits or also have experienced continuing uranium exchange with seawater.

Description: The usefulness of cosmogenic beryllium-10 (half life = 2.5 Ma) for studying the rates of accumulation of ferromanganese nodules is reported based on its measured depth distribution in the top 20 mm of these deposits. Accumulation rates have been obtained in the range of 1 to 4 mm/Ma, which are in good agreement with rates determined using the 230Th method on the same nodules. The use of 10Be offers promise in extending the dating to the outer few cm of the nodules. This contrasts with conventional methods using 230Th and 231Pa isotopes which, due to their comparatively short half lives, are limited to a few mm at the surface of the nodules. Detailed studies of 10Be in the manganese deposits coupled with other trace element analyses should prove valuable in understanding the processes of formation of these deposits and the chronology of events recorded by them.

Description: The usefulness of cosmogenic beryllium-10 (half life = 2.5 Ma) for studying the rates of accumulation of ferromanganese nodules is reported based on its measured depth distribution in the top 20 mm of these deposits. Accumulation rates have been obtained in the range of 1 to 4 mm/Ma, which are in good agreement with rates determined using the 230Th method on the same nodules. The use of 10Be offers promise in extending the dating to the outer few cm of the nodules. This contrasts with conventional methods using 230Th and 231Pa isotopes which, due to their comparatively short half lives, are limited to a few mm at the surface of the nodules. Detailed studies of 10Be in the manganese deposits coupled with other trace element analyses should prove valuable in understanding the processes of formation of these deposits and the chronology of events recorded by them.

Description: The growth rate of a manganese nodule from the South Atlantic Ocean (Rio Grande Ridge) has been determined using a 10Be profile as measured with a Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator. This rate is 4.5 mm /My. A correlation may exist between the 10Be flux and the Mn flux to nodules.

Description: This paper, explores the possibility of using manganese nodules for studying the rates of authigenic removal of trace elements to the ocean floor, i.e. considering only trace elements in hydrogenous phases (Goldberg, 1964) in sediments. It follows the then recent detailed investigations of physiochcmical properties of manganese nodules made by others. In view of the various arguments the developed regarding a slow and possibly entirely authigcnic growth of manganese nodules, the authors were led to the measurements of a host of trace elements in several already radiomctrically dated manganese nodules and sediments.

Description: 2 nodules, one spherical, similar to 2 cm diameter form L. Alstern, Sweden the other saucer-shaped, similar to 2 cm thick from L. Oneida, New York were studied by using 228Ra and super(210)pb in order to measure accretion rates in the range 100-1000 mm/10 super(3) year. The deduced rates are 1.4 and 2.6 mm/ 10 super(3) year. Respectively. The author discuss the problems of how deep sea noducles stay at the sediment-water interface when the sediment around them is accumulating 1000 times faster than the nodules themselves.

Description: Three ferromanganese nodules handpicked from the tops of 2500 cm**2 area box cores taken from the north equatorial Pacific have been analysed for their U-Th series nuclides. 230Thexc concentrations in the surface 1-2 mm of the top side of the nodules indicate growth rates of 1.8-4.6 mm/10**6 yr. In two of the nodules a significant discontinuity in the 230Th exc depth profile has been observed at ~0.3 m.y. ago, suggesting that the nodule growth has been episodic. The concentration profiles of 231Pa exc (measured via 227Th) yield growth rates similar to the 230Th exc data. The bottom sides of the nodules display exponential decrease of 230Th exc/232Th activity ratio with depth, yielding growth rates of 1.5-3.3 mm/10**6 yr. The 230Th exc and 231Pa exc concentrations in the outermost layer of the bottom face are significantly lower than in the outermost layer of the top face. Comparison of the extrapolated 230Thexc/232Th and 230Th exc/231Pa exc activity ratios for the top and bottom surfaces yields an "age" of (5-15) x 10**4 yr for the bottom relative to the top. This "age" most probably represents the time elapsed since the nodules have attained the present orientation. The 210Pb concentration in the surface ~0.1 mm of the top side is in large excess over its parent 226Ra. Elsewhere in the nodule, up to ~1 mm depth in both top and bottom sides, 210Pb is deficient relative to 226Ra, probably due to 222Rn loss. The absence of 210Pbexc below the outermost layer of the top face rules out the possibility of a sampling artifact as the cause of the observed exponentially decreasing 230Thexc and 231Paexc concentration profiles. The flux of 210Pbexc to the nodules ranges between 0.31 and 0.58 dpm/cm**2/yr. The exhalation rate of 222Rn, estimated from the 226Ra-210Pb disequilibrium is ~570 dpm/cm**2/yr from the top side and 〉2000 dpm/cm**2/yr from the bottom side. 226Ra is deficient in the top side relative to 230Th up to ~0.5-1 mm and is in large excess throughout the bottom. The data indicate a net gain of 226Ra into the nodule, corresponding to a flux of (24-46) x 10**-3 dpm/cm**2/yr. On a total area basis the gain of 226Ra into the nodules is 〈20% of the 226Ra escaping from the sediments. A similar gain of 228Ra into the bottom side of the nodules is reflected by the high 228Th/232Th activity ratios observed in the outermost layer in contact with sediments.

Description: Determination of radium, thorium, uranium isotopes, and 210Pb in sediments and sediment pore waters from North Equatorial Pacific deep-sea clay-silicous oozes shows that the radium and uranium isotopes are mobile in the pore water. The concentration-depth profiles of radium can be understood in terms of a diagenetic model which takes into account mixing of sediment particles by bioturbation, molecular diffusion in the pore water, adsorption onto particle surfaces, as well as radioactive production and decay. The 234U/238U activity ratios in several samples are higher than the seawater value, indicating some enrichment of 234U in the pore water. However, the absolute concentrations of 238U and 234U are 25% lower than those in seawater, suggesting that the sediments form a sink for uranium isotopes. 210Pb is present in the pore water at concentrations approx. 20% that of 226Ra. The origin of 210Pb in the pore water is uncertain and could be due either to its in situ mobilization in the sediments or subsequent production in the laboratory from the decay of 222Rn. 230Th is present in measurable concentrations in the pore waters, but its distribution does not show any systematic trend with depth or other parameters. The most likely source of 230/Th appears to be minute amounts of sediment particles collected in the pore waters during the squeezing operation.