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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 338 (1996), S. 627-633 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: On Surface Compounds of Transition Metals. XL. Characterization of Chromium Doped Silica Catalyst Systems of the Phillips Type by Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Analysing System (SEM/EDS)The surface of typical supports for the Phillips catalyst was studied by SEM. The seemingly smooth surfaces are composed by closely packed, ball-shaped substructures; macro- and micro-pores can be seen. Adherent particles on the surface (φ ≪ 1 μm) show the same substructures as the usual surface. After impregnation and activation/reduction of the catalysts crystallites are seen at the surface, which are characterized as Cr2O3 by their crystal shape and EDS analysis.Polymerization of ethylene occurs at the usually doped surface, while the Cr2O3 particles do not exhibit a special activity. Mechanically inforced breaks of the catalyst grains show the formation of threadlike polyethylene with diameters of 200 to 300 nm.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Поверхностный хром (II) на окиси алюминия координирован в положениицис двумя группами ≥SiO. Адсорбция аммония и аминов приводит к образованию стабильного (≥SiO)2CrL2 и нестабильного (≥SiO)2CrL4; на основе спектров отражения для этих комллексов полагается псевдоквадратноплоская и псевдооктаэдрическая структура, соответственно. Образование соединений с координационным числом шесть зависнт от типа амина.
    Notes: Abstract Surface chromium (II) on silica is coordinated by two ≥SiO groups in cis position. Adsorption of ammonia and amines leads to stable (≥SiO)2CrL2 and further to unstable (≥SiO)2CrL4; reflection spectra suggest pseudo square planar and pseudo octahedral structures respectively for these complexes. Formation of the six-coordinate species depends on the type of the amine.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 3 (1975), S. 83-88 
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Два независимых ряда экспериментов указывают на то, что при использовании катализаторов типа филипса в процессе полимеризации, растущая угеводородная цепочка присоединяется к метчллу связью σ.
    Notes: Abstract Two independent experiments show that in polymerization catalysts of the Phillips type the growing hydrocarbon chain is attached to the metal via a σ bond.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 401 (1973), S. 263-273 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On Surface Compounds of Transition Metals. VI. The Reaction of Surface Chromium(II) with AmmoniaThe complex formation ability of coordinatively unsaturated surface Cr(II) was studied by reflectance spectroscopy and thermogravimetric methods. At temperatures ≦100°C ammonia is bonded under formation of a violet complex with the stoichiometry Cr(II)/NH3 = 1:2.At temperatures ≦50°C and 1 atm NH3 a second, deep blue compound is formed to which we ascribe the stoichiometry 1:4. Here the thermogravimetric measurements cannot be interpreted without additional assumptions (adsorption model!) leading to a range of uncertainty in the result.
    Notes: Die Komplexbildung von koordinativ ungesättigtem Oberflächen-Chrom(II) mit NH3 wurde mittels Reflexionsspektroskopie und Thermogravimetrie untersucht. Bei Temperaturen ≦100°C wird NH3 unter Bildung eines violetten Komplexes der Stöchiometrie Cr(II)/H3 = 1:2 gebunden.Bei Temperaturen ≦50°C und 1 atm. NH3 bildet sich eine NH3-reichere, tiefblaue Verbindung, der die Stöchiometrie 1:4 zugeordnet wird. Die thermogravimetrischen Messungen können hier nicht ohne zusätzliche Annahmen (Adsorptionsmodell!) ausgewertet werden, wodurch eine größere Unsicherheit des Resultats verursacht wird.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Surface Compounds of Transition Metals. XIV. Coordinatively Unsaturated Surface Compounds of Vanadium(III) on SilicagelVanadium(V) reacts with silicagel (aqueous impregnation, activation in O2 at 800°C) to a colourless highly dispersed surface compound, which can be reduced by CO to coordinatively unsaturated violet surface vanadium(III). Reoxydation with O2 forms a deep-blue surface peroxide under chemiluminescence; heat treatment at 300°C reconstitutes the original vanadium(V) surface compound with simultaneous loss of 1/2 O2.
    Notes: Vanadium(V) bildet bei wäßriger Dotierung und nachfolgender Aktivierung (O2, 800°C) auf Silicagel farblose, hochdisperse Oberflächenverbindungen, die sich mit CO zu koordinativ ungesättigtem, violettem Oberflächen-Vanadium(III) reduzieren lassen. Reoxydation mit O2 führt unter Chemilumineszenz zunächst zu einem tiefblauen Oberflächen-Peroxid , das beim Erwärmen auf 300°C unter Abgabe von 1/2 O2 vollständig in das ursprüngliche Vanadium(V) übergeht.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Surface Compounds of Transition Metals. XIX. The Complex Formation of Surface CrII/Silicagel with Water, Alcohol, Ether, Silanol, Siloxane, and with Neighbouring Surface Groups of the XOY TypeSurface chromium(II) reacts with the oxygen donor ligands H2O, ROH, R2O and R3SiOH with formation of (violet) 1:2 and (blue) 1:4 complexes, which are characterized by their reflectance spectra (〉Cr(tBuOH)2 and 〉Cr(OEt2)2 by direct determination of stoichiometry also).The extremely weak donor (R3Si)2O froms a steel-blue 1:1 complex. The shift of the dd absorption observed during complex formation corresponds with the spectral phenomena of the transition from very reactive to less reactive free surface species. The decrease in quality is therefore proposed to be due to the coordination of one surface group.Rehydroxylation of surface CrVI/silicagel by H2O(g) results in an increasing number of surface silanol groups; the chromium-to-surface bond is retained. The quality of CrII surface compounds made from these products decreases proportionally to the SiOH content. In agreement with former results it is concluded that the surface CrII as well as the coordinating surface silanol groups are situated on surface areas which correspond to the (100) planes of cristobalite.
    Notes: O'fl.-Chrom(II) auf Silicagel reagiert mit den Sauerstoff-Donorliganden H2O, ROH, R2O und R3SiOH unter Bildung von (violetten) 1:2- und (blauen) 1:4-Komplexen, die sich durch ihre Reflexionsspektren, im Falle von 〉Cr(tBuOH)2 und 〉Cr(OEt2)2 auch durch direkte Bestimmung der Stöchiometrie charakterisieren lassen. Der extrem schwache Donor (R3Si)2O bildet einen stahlblauen 1:1-Komplex. Der hierbei auftretende shift der dd-Banden entspricht der spektralen Verschiebung beim Übergang von hochreaktivem zu weniger reaktivem freien O'fl.-CrII. „Qualitätsabnahme“ wird daher auf die Absättigung mit einer benachbarten Oberflächengruppe zurückgeführt.Rehydroxylierung von O'fl.-CrVI/Silicagel mit H2O(g) führt zu einer Zunahme der Silanol-Gruppen auf der Träger-Oberfläche, wobei die Cr-Oberflächenbindung erhalten bleibt. Die Qualität der aus diesen Produkten erhaltenen CrII-O'fl.-Verbindungen nimmt dabei proportional zum SiOH-Gehalt ab. Unter Berücksichtigung früherer Ergebnisse läßt sich folgern, daß sowohl das O'fl.-CrII wie auch die koordinierenden O'fl.-Silanolgruppen an den der (100)-Fläche des Cristobalits analogen Oberflächenbezirken des Gels fixiert sind.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Surface Compounds of Transition Metals. XXI. Coordinatively Unsaturated Surface Compounds of Copper on Silicagel SupportOn silicagel, CuII salts form yellow CuII surface compounds after impregnation in suspension, drying and activation in streaming O2 at T = 500 to 900°C; spectroscopie evidence shows them to be a mixture of (at least) two different species. One of these is coordinatively unsaturated and coordinates CO in a reversible reaction; for the green complex the formula (≡SiO)2Cu(CO)2 may be proposed.
    Notes: CuII-Salze bilden auf Silicagel nach Dotieren in Suspension, Trocknen und Aktivieren im Sauerstoff-Strom (T = 500 bis 900°C) gelbe CuII-Oberflächenverbindungen, in denen spektroskopisch (mindestens) zwei verschiedene Spezies charakterisiert werden können. Eine davon ist koordinativ ungesättigt und reagiert reversibel mit CO; dem grünen Komplex kann die Formel (≡SiO)2Cu(CO)2 zugeschrieben werden.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 521 (1985), S. 111-121 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Surface Compounds of Transition Metals. XXIX. Reaction of Surface Chromium (VI)/Silica Gel with Aluminium Alkyles: “Formation” of Phillips CatalystsBy the reaction of surface chromium (VI)/silicagel with aluminium alkyles - leading to the so called “Phillips catalysts fo the second generation” - the metal is reduced in two 2e steps via a chromium (IV) intermediate to a final Cr product. The extent of the reduction depends on the ratio Al/Cr, the influence fo light, the presence of higher olefins and the temperature.
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von Oberflächen- Chrom (VI)/Silicagel mit Aluminiumalkylen  -  einer Reaktion, die zu den sogenannten „Phillips-Kontakten der zweiten Generation“führt  -  wird das Metall i zwei 2e-Schritten über eine isolierbare Chrom(IV)-Zwischenstufe zu CrI reduziert. Das Ausmaß der Reduktion ist vom Verhältnis Al/Cr, dem Zutritt von Licht, der Anwesenheit von höheren Olefinen und von der Reaktionstemperatur abhängig.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 79 (1967), S. 538-538 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 83 (1971), S. 507-507 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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