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  • 1
    Keywords: humanities ; archaeology ; landscape archaeology ; landscape ; biography ; history ; archaeology ; human geography
    Description / Table of Contents: ‘Landscape Biographies’ explores the long and complex histories of landscapes from personal and social perspectives. As an essential part of human life-worlds, landscapes have the potential to absorb something of people's lives, works, and thoughts. But landscapes also shape their own life-histories at different timescales, transcending human life-cycles and generating their own temporalities and rhythms. It comes as no surprise, therefore, that the co-scripting of landscapes and people figures prominently in the (auto-)biographical works of writers and attracts the interest of geographers, archaeologists, historians, and anthropologists. This has even resulted in a new genre in landscape research, rapidly gaining in popularity, under the heading of 'landscape biography'. In ‘Landscape Biographies’, twenty geographers, archaeologists, historians, and anthropologists investigate the diverse ways in which landscapes and monuments have been constructed, transmitted, and transformed from prehistory up to the present, from Manhattan to Shanghai, from Iceland to Portugal, and from England to Estonia. Among the authors are distinguished scholars like Gísli Pálsson, Cornelius Holtorf, Joshua Pollard, and Mark Gillings.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (437 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9789048517800
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Kaplan, Jed O; Pfeiffer, Mirjam; Kolen, Jan C A; Davis, Basil A S (2016): Large Scale Anthropogenic Reduction of Forest Cover in Last Glacial Maximum Europe. PLoS ONE, 11(11), e0166726, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166726
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Description: Reconstructions of the vegetation of Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) are an enigma. Pollen-based analyses have suggested that Europe was largely covered by steppe and tundra, and forests persisted only in small refugia. Climate-vegetation model simulations on the other hand have consistently suggested that broad areas of Europe would have been suitable for forest, even in the depths of the last glaciation. Here we reconcile models with data by demonstrating that the highly mobile groups of hunter-gatherers that inhabited Europe at the LGM could have substantially reduced forest cover through the ignition of wildfires. Similar to hunter-gatherers of the more recent past, Upper Paleolithic humans were masters of the use of fire, and preferred inhabiting semi-open landscapes to facilitate foraging, hunting and travel. Incorporating human agency into a dynamic vegetation-fire model and simulating forest cover shows that even small increases in wildfire frequency over natural background levels resulted in large changes in the forested area of Europe, in part because trees were already stressed by low atmospheric CO2 concentrations and the cold, dry, and highly variable climate. Our results suggest that the impact of humans on the glacial landscape of Europe may be one of the earliest large-scale anthropogenic modifications of the earth system.
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 5.3 MBytes
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 3 (1955), S. 860-862 
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 128 (1992), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: colicin ; ion selectivity ; lipid bilayers ; electrostatic interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Channels formed by colicin E1 in planar lipid bilayers have large diameters and conduct both cations and anions. The rates at which ions are transported, however, are relatively slow, and the relative anion-to-cation selectivity is modulated over a wide range by the pH of the bathing solutions. We have examined the permeability of these channels to cationic probes having a variety of sizes, shapes, and charge distributions. All of the monovalent probes were found to be permeant, establishing a minimum diameter at the narrowest part of the pore of approximately 9 Å. In contrast to this behavior, all of the polyvalent organic cations were shown to be impermeant. This simple exclusionary rule is interpreted as evidence that, when steric restrictions require partial dehydration of an ion, the structure of the channel is able to provide a substitute electrostatic environment for only one charged group at time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 144 (1995), S. 131-145 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Colicin ; Ion selectivity ; Lipid bilayers ; Electrostatic interactions ; Anion channels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The antibiotic protein colicin E1 forms ion channels in planar lipid bilayers that are capable of conducting monovalent organic cations having mean diameters of at least 9 Å. Polyvalent organic cations appear to be completely impermeant, regardless of size. All permeant ions, whether large or small, positively or negatively charged, are conducted by this channel at very slow rates. We have examined the permeability of colicin E1 channels to anionic probes having a variety of sizes, shapes, and charge distributions. In contrast to the behavior of cations, polyvalent as well as monovalent organic anions were found to permeate the colicin E1 channel. Inorganic sulfate was able to permeate the channel only when the pH was 4 or less, conditions under which the colicin E1 protein is predominantly in an anion-preferring conformational state. The less selective state(s) of the colicin E1 channel, observed when the pH was 5 or greater, was not permeable to inorganic sulfate. The sulfate salt of the impermeant cation Bis-T6 (N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine) had no effect on the single channel conductance of colicin E1 channels exposed to solutions containing 1 m NaCl at pH 5. The complete lack of blocking activity by either of these two impermeant ions indicates that both are excluded from the channel lumen. These results are consistent with our hypothesis that there is but a single location in the lumen of the colicin E1 channel where positively charged groups can be effectively hydrated. This site may coincide with the location of the energetic barrier which impedes the movement of anions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1520-4804
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1574-6976
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In this chapter we report on the molecular biology of crystalline surface layers of different bacterial groups. The limited information indicates that there are many variations on a common theme. Sequence variety, antigenic diversity, gene expression, rearrangements, influence of environmental factors and applied aspects are addressed. There is considerable variety in the S-layer composition, which was elucidated by sequence analysis of the corresponding genes. In Corynebacterium glutamicum one major cell wall protein is responsible for the formation of a highly ordered, hexagonal array. In contrast, two abundant surface proteins form the S-layer of Bacillus anthracis. Each protein possesses three S-layer homology motifs and one protein could be a virulence factor. The antigenic diversity and ABC transporters are important features, which have been studied in methanogenic archaea. The expression of the S-layer components is controlled by three genes in the case of Thermus thermophilus. One has repressor activity on the S-layer gene promoter, the second codes for the S-layer protein. The rearrangement by reciprocal recombination was investigated in Campylobacter fetus. 7–8 S-layer proteins with a high degree of homology at the 5′ and 3′ ends were found. Environmental changes influence the surface properties of Bacillus stearothermophilus. Depending on oxygen supply, this species produces different S-layer proteins. Finally, the molecular bases for some applications are discussed. Recombinant S-layer fusion proteins have been designed for biotechnology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The most-dominant surface-exposed protein in many bacterial species is the S-protein. This protein crystallises into a regular monolayer on the outside surface of the bacteria: the S-layer. Lactobacillus acidophilus harbours two S-protein-encoding genes, slpA and slpB, only one of which (slpA ) is expressed. In this study, we show by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis that slpA and slpB are located on a 6 kb chromosomal segment, in opposite orientations. In a small fraction of the bacterial population, this segment is inverted. The inversion leads to interchanging of the expressed and silent S-protein-encoding genes, and places the formerly silent gene behind the S-promoter which is located outside the inverted segment. A 26 bp sequence showing a high degree of similarity with the consensus sequence recognized by the Din family of invertases is present in the region where recombination occurs. Expression of the slpA gene seems to be favoured under laboratory growth conditions because 99.7% of the chromosomes of an L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 broth culture had the slpA gene present at the slp expression site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    OR spectrum 16 (1994), S. 193-202 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: CSP ; Logik-orientierte Programmiersprachen ; Constraint Propagation ; Backtracking ; Arc-Konsistenz ; Path-Konsistenz ; CSP ; logic programming ; constraint propagation ; Backtracking ; Arc-Consistency ; Path-Consistency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Constraint logic programming is a relatively new area of research in Artficial Intelligence that holds an immense promise for Operations Researchers. The idea is to provide a logic programming language that accepts a series of logic statements and (arithmetic) constraints and then is capable to generate a feasible solution to the underlying constraint satisfaction problem. Informally, a constraint satisfaction problem is posed as follows. Given a set of variables and a set of constraints, each specifying a relation on a particular subset of the variables, find the relation on the set of all variables which satisfies all the given constraints. The required solution relation is a subset of the cartesian product of the variable domains. Traditionally, backtrack search is used to solve constraint satisfaction problems. In order to overcome the inefficiency of a simple backtrack search consistency checks among variable value assignments were incorporated introducing new knowledge by constraint based reasoning to reduce the search space and discover failures earlier. Most common are node- and arc-consistency checks the only ones which are also implicity introduced in recent constraint based logic programming languages. CHARME [7, 8] is such a programming language, a general modeling language and problem solver that allows to find model-based implementations and provides guided backtrack search which can lead to efficient and competitive search strategies for certain problems in combinatorial optimization.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Constraint-basierte Logikprogrammierung ist ein neues und auch für das Operations Research vielversprechendes Gebiet der Künstlichen Intelligenz. Eine logikorientierte Programmiersprache generiert zulässige Lösungen eines Constraint-Satisfaction-Problems, dessen Beschreibung auf einer Menge logischer Aussagen und einer Anzahl von Nebenbedingungen basiert. Ein Constraint-Satisfaction-Problem besteht aus einer Menge von Variablen sowie einer Menge von Nebenbedingungen über diesen Variablen. Gesucht ist eine zulässige Wertezuweisung der Variablen, als Teilmenge des cartesischen Produkts der Variablenwertebereiche, die allen Nebenbedingungen genügt. Traditionelle Lösungsverfahren basieren auf einer Suche mittels Backtracking. Konsistenzprüfungen von Variablenwertzuweisungen können dabei die Effizienz des Suchverfahrens wesentlich erhöhen, da neues, implizit vorhandenes Wissen über den Suchraum aus der Menge der Nebenbedingungen erschlossen und genutzt wird. Constraint-basierte Logiksprachen reduzieren während der Lösungssuche die Variablenwertebereiche automatisch, so daß nur noch node- und arc-konsistente Relationen betrachtet werden. CHARME [7, 8] ist eine derartige Programmiersprache, in der modellnahe Implementierungen parametergesteuerte Suchstrategien zulassen, die u. U. Probleme der Kombinatorischen Optimierung effizient lösbar machen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Foundations of physics 12 (1982), S. 401-411 
    ISSN: 1572-9516
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we describe a propagation experiment to measure the one-way velocity of electromagnetic radiation. The experiment utilizes the rotation of the earth to interchange the positions of two rubidium vapor frequency standards over12 h, thereby canceling initial clock phase differences. It is demonstrated that although the drift characteristics of modern rubidium atomic clocks may be large for long-term absolute timing requirements, the short-term random fluctuations are small. It is found that over a24-h period, the long-term drift can be accurately parameterized in retrospect and removed, thereby permitting the detection of temporal variations less than1 nsec in magnitude. With coherent summing techniques this value may be significantly reduced, and it becomes realistic to consider an experiment where the clocks are separated by distances of the order of several hundreds of meters in order to detect velocities of the order of that of the solar system with respect to the center of the galaxy(≈10 5 m sec −1 ), thus ensuring that the rotational motion of the earth has a negligible effect in altering the relative inertial characteristics of the reference frames of each clock. It is demonstrated that under such conditions the measurement of the one-way speed of propagation of electromagnetic radiation is not only meaningful, but can be simply implemented with commercially available instrumentation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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