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  • 1
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Conclusions Several cases of extremely strong quiescences have been investigated in great detail, and it was found that they are statistically highly significant and that they cannot be reasonably explained by catalog heterogeneity. Several additional cases of quantitatively measured quiescence have been documented. The method of measuring quiescence has progressed from using visual means to using a quantitative approach, and the understanding of the noise sources has significantly advanced during the last few years. Therefore I feel that quiescence is a real phenomenon and the method to detect it has matured to a point that is acceptable for the List of Significant Precursors, although considerably more work needs to be done to understand this parameter and its role in the earthquake generation process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 289 (1981), S. 231-234 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Large earthquakes often occur as multiple ruptures reflecting strong variations of stress level along faults. Dense instrument networks with which the volcano Kilauea is monitored provided detailed data on changes of seismic velocity, strain accumulation and earthquake occurrence rate before the ...
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In a feeding trial with 36 European brown hares, kept individually in wooden boxes, oo-rape compared with silage maize and sugarbeet pulp pellets (containing molasses, with low sugar content). The feed intake of the group fed with fresh rape was much lower, with 30,2 g DM per kg LW per d, then the groups fed with silage maize and sugarbeet pulp, pellets with 55,8 and 43,2 g DM per kg LW per d. The exclusive feeding of rape did not cause alteration in haemotological parameters, but there are partially significant differences in the haemogram and also significant differences in content of ferron of the blood also in blood enzymes, except alcalic phosphatase during 3 month. The stress of exclusive feeding of rape is partially balanced with supplement feed. The pathological, anatomical and histological results at the end of the trial did not indicate additional stress by components of 00-rape.
    Abstract: Résumé Lors d'un essai de nourrissage où intervenaient 36 lièvres maintenus dans des clapiers individuels, l'on fit l'essai de dispenser, en plus de Navet ‘double zéro’, des granulés de Maïs-ensilage et de pulpe (contenant de la mélasse, pauvre en sucre) de Betterave sucrière. La consommation de nourriture du groupe nourri avec des navets frais était nettement inférieure (30,2 g de poids sec de navet frais par kg de poids vif par jour) par rapport à celle des groupes nourris avec des granulés de Maïs-ensilage et depulpe de Betterave sucrière, soit respectivement 55,8 ou 43,2 g. Le nourrissage à base exclusive de Navet n'aboutit pas, à l'issue de 3 mois d'essai, à des altérations hématologiques mais bien à des différences, partiellement significatives, de l'hémogramme sanguin et à des différences significatives de la teneur du sang en Fe et des enzymes sanguins, à l'exception de la Phosphatase alcaline. Le stress provoqué par une alimentation uniforme est atténué par une supplémentation alimentaire. Les constations pathologiques, anatomiques et histologiques es fin d'essai ne révèlent pas d'inconvénients supplémentaires liés à des composants du Navet ‘double zéro’.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem Fütterungsversuch mit 36 in Einzelboxen gehaltenen Feldhasen wurden neben reinem Doppelnullraps auch die Beifütterung von Silomais- und Zuckerrübenschnitzelpellets (melassiert, zuckerarm) geprüft. Die Futteraufnahme lag mit 30,2 g T (Trockenmasse)/kg LG (Lebendgewicht) × d (Tag) bei frischem Raps deutlich unter denen der Gruppen mit Silomais bzw. Zuckerrübenschnitzel mit 55,8 g bzw. 43,2 g. Die Alleinfütterung von Raps führte bei ca. 3 Monaten Versuchsdauer zu keinen Veränderungen der hämatologischen Befunde, zu teilweise gesicherten Unterschieden im Differentialblutbild und zu gesicherten Unterschieden beim Eisengehalt des Blutes und den Blutenzymen, ausgenommen die alkalische Phosphatase. Die Belastungen der einseitigen Ernährung lassen sich durch die eingesetzten Beifuttermittel zum Teil ausgleichen. Die pathologisch-anatomischen und histologischen Befunde am Ende des Versuches lassen keine zusätzlichen Belastungen durch Inhaltsstoffe von Doppelnullraps erkennen.
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  • 4
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    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 304: 83-116.
    Publication Date: 2008-08-26
    Description: We focus on movement of magma beneath K[i]lauea from the long summit eruption in 1967-1968 through the first historical sustained eruption on the east rift zone (Mauna Ulu 1969-1974), ending with the occurrence of a magnitude 7.2 earthquake beneath K[i]lauea's eastern south flank. Magma from the Hawai iian hot spot continuously moves upward to summit storage and drives seaward spreading of K[i]lauea's south flank on a 10-12 km deep decollement. Spreading creates dilation in K[i]lauea's rift zones and provides room to store magma at depths extending to the decollement surface. During the period of study three types of eruptions - normal (short-lived), episodic and sustained - and three types of intrusions - traditional (summit to rift), inflationary and slow - are classified. Rates of sustained eruption are governed by the geometry of the magmatic plumbing. Swarms of earthquakes beneath the south flank signal increased pressure from magma entering K[i]lauea's adjacent rift zone. Magma supply rates are obtained by combining the volume of magma transferred to sites of eruption or intrusion with the volume opened by seaward spreading over the same increment of time. In our interpretation the varying character of eruptions and intrusions requires a gradual increase in magma supply rate throughout the period augmented by incremental increases in spreading rate. The three types of eruptions result from different combinations of magma supply and spreading rate.
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2000-02-01
    Description: The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) recently completed new probabilistic seismic hazard maps for the United States, including Alaska and Hawaii. These hazard maps form the basis of the probabilistic component of the design maps used in the 1997 edition of the NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures, prepared by the Building Seismic Safety Council and published by FEMA. The hazard maps depict peak horizontal ground acceleration and spectral response at 0.2, 0.3, and 1.0 sec periods, with 10%, 5%, and 2% probabilities of exceedance in 50 years, corresponding to return times of about 500, 1000, and 2500 years, respectively. In this paper we outline the methodology used to construct the hazard maps. There are three basic components to the maps. First, we use spatially smoothed historic seismicity as one portion of the hazard calculation. In this model, we apply the general observation that moderate and large earthquakes tend to occur near areas of previous small or moderate events, with some notable exceptions. Second, we consider large background source zones based on broad geologic criteria to quantify hazard in areas with little or no historic seismicity, but with the potential for generating large events. Third, we include the hazard from specific fault sources. We use about 450 faults in the western United States (WUS) and derive recurrence times from either geologic slip rates or the dating of pre-historic earthquakes from trenching of faults or other paleoseismic methods. Recurrence estimates for large earthquakes in New Madrid and Charleston, South Carolina, were taken from recent paleoliquefaction studies. We used logic trees to incorporate different seismicity models, fault recurrence models, Cascadia great earthquake scenarios, and ground-motion attenuation relations. We present disaggregation plots showing the contribution to hazard at four cities from potential earthquakes with various magnitudes and distances.
    Print ISSN: 8755-2930
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8201
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1981-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2001-06-01
    Description: The seismic hazard and earthquake occurrence rates in Hawaii are locally as high as that near the most hazardous faults elsewhere in the United States. We have generated maps of peak ground acceleration (PGA) and spectral acceleration (SA) (at 0.2, 0.3 and 1.0 sec, 5% critical damping) at 2% and 10% exceedance probabilities in 50 years. The highest hazard is on the south side of Hawaii Island, as indicated by the M (sub I) 7.0, M (sub S) 7.2, and M (sub I) 7.9 earthquakes, which occurred there since 1868. Probabilistic values of horizontal PGA (2% in 50 years) on Hawaii's south coast exceed 1.75 g. Because some large earthquake aftershock zones and the geometry of flank blocks slipping on subhorizontal decollement faults are known, we use a combination of spatially uniform sources in active flank blocks and smoothed seismicity in other areas to model seismicity. Rates of earthquakes are derived from magnitude distributions of the modern (1959-1997) catalog of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory's seismic network supplemented by the historic (1868-1959) catalog. Modern magnitudes are M (sub L) measured on a Wood-Anderson seismograph or M (sub S) . Historic magnitudes may add M (sub L) measured on a Milne-Shaw or Bosch-Omori seismograph or M (sub I) derived from calibrated areas of MM intensities. Active flank areas, which by far account for the highest hazard, are characterized by distributions with b slopes of about 1.0 below M 5.0 and about 0.6 above M 5.0. The kinked distribution means that large earthquake rates would be grossly underestimated by extrapolating small earthquake rates, and that longer catalogs are essential for estimating or verifying the rates of large earthquakes. Flank earthquakes thus follow a semicharacteristic model, which is a combination of background seismicity and an excess number of large earthquakes. Flank earthquakes are geometrically confined to rupture zones on the volcano flanks by barriers such as rift zones and the seaward edge of the volcano, which may be expressed by a magnitude distribution similar to that including characteristic earthquakes. The island chain northwest of Hawaii Island is seismically and volcanically much less active. We model its seismic hazard with a combination of a linearly decaying ramp fit to the cataloged seismicity and spatially smoothed seismicity with a smoothing half-width of 10 km. We use a combination of up to four attenuation relations for each map because for either PGA or SA, there is no single relation that represents ground motion for all distance and magnitude ranges. Great slumps and landslides visible on the ocean floor correspond to catastrophes with effective energy magnitudes M (sub E) above 8.0. A crude estimate of their frequency suggests that the probabilistic earthquake hazard is at least an order of magnitude higher for flank earthquakes than that from submarine slumps.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1981-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1997-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0033-4553
    Electronic ISSN: 1420-9136
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1976-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
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