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Electronic Resource

The Role of Soil Classification in Geographic Information System Modeling of Habitat Pattern: Threatened Calcareous Ecosystems (1999)

Mann, Linda K. ; King, Anthony W. ; Dale, Virginia H. ; [et al.]

Springer

Ecosystems 2 (1999), S. 524-538

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ISSN: 1435-0629

Keywords: Key words: calcareous; glades; barrens; GIS; Department of Defense; conservation; mollisol; soil taxonomy; threatened and endangered species.

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: ABSTRACT Maps of potential habitat distribution are needed for regional population models of rare species, but reliable information from ground surveys is not always available. Existing data sources from disciplines other than ecological research often are underused. In this article, we discuss the development of a geographic information system (GIS) model that predicts potential habitats from ecosystem information contained in the US soil classification and soil survey. Soil classification and survey were used in the GIS model in an earlier study on the US Department of Energy's Oak Ridge Reservation, Tennessee, to predict threatened calcareous habitats. The model predicts potential habitats from the combination of (a) soil taxon as an indication of long-term ecosystem processes; (b) geologic parent material; and (c) slope class. Satellite imagery was added to indicate current successional state. In this study, we tested the model's predictive ability by using data from the Cedar Creek Slope Glades Preserve at the 44,000-ha US Department of Defense Fort Knox Military Reservation, Kentucky. We then used the model to predict occurrences of potential suitable habitat on the remainder of the Fort Knox reservation, including heavily impacted ordnance and tank training areas that are unsafe for public access. The soil component of the model also was applied to a 1.2 × 106–km2 region of the US, by using the US Department of Agriculture–National Resources Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS) State Soil Geographic Database (STATSGO) combined with official soil series descriptions. Soil taxa from the USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy were demonstrated to be associated with threatened calcareous habitats of rare plant species. These soil taxa were lithic mollisols (rendolls and udolls; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) rendzinas and chernozems) and alfisols (udalfs; FAO luvisols). The combined soil/geology/slope GIS approach has potential for prediction of rare ecosystems with narrow edaphic constraints. The approach would be useful in long-term planning for conservation management and restoration, especially where intensive ground surveys are expensive and/or impractical and where disturbance history obscures patterns of historical distribution.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100219900100

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2

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Projecting future concentrations of atmospheric CO2 with global carbon cycle models: The importance of simulating historical changes (1992)

King, Anthony W. ; Emanuel, William R. ; Post, Wilfred M.

Springer

Environmental management 16 (1992), S. 91-108

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ISSN: 1432-1009

Keywords: CO2 ; Carbon budget ; Atmosphere ; Biosphere ; Historical ; Land use

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering

Notes: Abstract Projections of future atmospheric CO2 concentrations using global carbon cycle models and assumed time series of future anthropogenic CO2 emissions are only useful if simulations agree reasonably well with the observed history of past changes in atmospheric CO2. In this article we compare simulations from a set of eight global carbon cycle models with observations of atmospheric CO2 from the Siple Station, Antarctica, ice core and the monitoring station at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, USA. Our comparisons reinforce previous assessments that early estimates of biospheric CO2 emissions derived by reconstruction of historical land-use change are incompatible with the understanding of atmosphere-ocean CO2 exchange codified in conventional carbon cycle models and the observed history of changes in atmospheric CO2. More recent estimates of the history of CO2 emissions associated with land-use change do not significantly resolve this incompatibility. Terrestrial biospheric emissions estimated by deconvolution of atmospheric CO2 observations provide reasonable correspondence between simulation and observation, but the deconvolution estimates differ dramatically from the estimates by land-use reconstruction. Resolution of this difference is a challenge for modelers of the global terrestrial biosphere. In the interim, caution is required in interpreting atmospheric CO2 projections from models that have not yet resolved the basic inconsistencies among emission estimates, models of oceanic uptake, and observations of atmospheric CO2.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02393912

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3

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Dispersal success on fractal landscapes: a consequence of lacunarity thresholds (1999)

With, Kimberly A. ; King, Anthony W.

Springer

Landscape ecology 14 (1999), S. 73-82

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ISSN: 1572-9761

Keywords: dispersal ; critical thresholds ; habitat fragmentation ; fractals ; lacunarity analysis ; neutral landscape models ; percolation theory

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Habitat fragmentation is expected to disrupt dispersal, and thus we explored how patch metrics of landscape structure, such as percolation thresholds used to define landscape connectivity, corresponded with dispersal success on neutral landscapes. We simulated dispersal as either a purely random process (random direction and random step lengths) or as an area-limited random walk (random direction, but movement limited to an adjacent cell at each dispersal step) and quantified dispersal success for 1000 individuals on random and fractal landscape maps across a range of habitat abundance and fragmentation. Dispersal success increased with the number of cells a disperser could search (m), but poor dispersers (m〈5) searching via area-limited dispersal on fractal landscapes were more successful at locating suitable habitat than random dispersers on either random or fractal landscapes. Dispersal success was enhanced on fractal landscapes relative to random ones because of the greater spatial contagion of habitat. Dispersal success decreased proportionate to habitat loss for poor dispersers (m=1) on random landscapes, but exhibited an abrupt threshold at low levels of habitat abundance (p〈0.1) for area-limited dispersers (m〈10) on fractal landscapes. Conventional metrics of patch structure, including percolation, did not exhibit threshold behavior in the region of the dispersal threshold. A lacunarity analysis of the gap structure of landscape patterns, however, revealed a strong threshold in the variability of gap sizes at low levels of habitat abundance (p〈0.1) in fractal landscapes, the same region in which abrupt declines in dispersal success were observed. The interpatch distances or gaps across which dispersers must move in search of suitable habitat should influence dispersal success, and our results suggest that there is a critical gap-size structure to fractal landscapes that interferes with the ability of dispersers to locate suitable habitat when habitat is rare. We suggest that the gap structure of landscapes is a more important determinant of dispersal than patch structure, although both are ultimately required to predict the ecological consequences of habitat fragmentation.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008030215600

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Transmutation and functional representation of heterogeneous landscapes (1991)

King, Anthony W. ; Johnson, Alan R. ; O'Neill, Robert V.

Springer

Landscape ecology 5 (1991), S. 239-253

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ISSN: 1572-9761

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Models of local small-scale ecological processes can be used to describe related processes at larger spatial scales if the influences of increased scale and heterogeneity are carefully considered. In this paper we consider the changes in the functional representation of an ecological process that can occur as one moves from a local small-scale model to a model of the aggregate expression of that process for a larger spatial extent. We call these changes “spatial transmutation”. We specifically examine landscape heterogeneity as a cause of transmutation. Spatial transmutation as a consequence of landscape heterogeneity is a source of error in the prediction of aggregate landscape behavior from smaller scale models. However, we also demonstrate a procedure for taking advantage of spatial transmutation to develop appropriately scaled landscape functions. First a mathematical function describing the process of interest as a local function of local variables is defined. The spatial heterogeneity of the local variables is described by their statistical distribution in the landscape. The aggregate landscape expression of the local process is then predicted by calculating the expected value of the local function, explicitly integrating landscape heterogeneity. Monte Carlo simulation is used to repeat the local-to-landscape extrapolation for a variety of landscape patterns. Finally, the extrapolated landscape results are regressed on landscape variables to define response functions that explain a useful fraction of the total variation in landscape behavior. The response functions are hypotheses about the functional representation of the local process at the larger spatial scale.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00141438

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The Potential Response of Terrestrial Carbon Storage to Changes in Climate and Atmospheric CO2 (1997)

King, Anthony W. ; Post, Wilfred M. ; Wullschleger, Stan D.

Springer

Climatic change 35 (1997), S. 199-227

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ISSN: 1573-1480

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences , Physics

Notes: Abstract We use a georeferenced model of ecosystem carbon dynamics to explore the sensitivity of global terrestrial carbon storage to changes in atmospheric CO2 and climate. We model changes in ecosystem carbon density, but we do not model shifts in vegetation type. A model of annual NPP is coupled with a model of carbon allocation in vegetation and a model of decomposition and soil carbon dynamics. NPP is a function of climate and atmospheric CO2 concentration. The CO2 response is derived from a biochemical model of photosynthesis. With no change in climate, a doubling of atmospheric CO2 from 280 ppm to 560 ppm enhances equilibrium global NPP by 16.9%; equilibrium global terrestrial ecosystem carbon (TEC) increases by 14.9%. Simulations with no change in atmospheric CO2 concentration but changes in climate from five atmospheric general circulation models yield increases in global NPP of 10.0–14.8%. The changes in NPP are very nearly balanced by changes in decomposition, and the resulting changes in TEC range from an increase of 1.1% to a decrease of 1.1%. These results are similar to those from analyses using bioclimatic biome models that simulate shifts in ecosystem distribution but do not model changes in carbon density within vegetation types. With changes in both climate and a doubling of atmospheric CO2, our model generates increases in NPP of 30.2–36.5%. The increases in NPP and litter inputs to the soil more than compensate for any climate stimulation of decomposition and lead to increases in global TEC of 15.4–18.2%.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005317530770

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