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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth of Cu(In〈sub〉1-x〈/sub〉Al〈sub〉x〈/sub〉)Se〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 Thin Films by Atmospheric Pressure Selenization of Sputtered Precursors (2007)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Solid state phenomena Vol. 124-126 (June 2007), p. 931-934 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9779
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Cu(In1-xAlx)Se2 films were prepared using a two-stage process of sputtering andselenization. Stacked elemental layer precursors of Cu, In and Al were deposited onto corningglass substrates by RF magnetron sputtering. Precursors with different Cu/(In+Al) and In/Alratio were selenized using elemental Se-vapor at atmospheric pressure in a commercial tubefurnace under constant argon gas flow. Films with good adhesion to the substrate were grownsuccessfully. All of the films show strong (112) and (220)/(204) CIS peaks. Addition of Al, atexpense of In, shifts the peaks towards higher 2θ. This paper explores the possibility to usesputtering deposition and selenization process to grow Cu(InAl)Se2 thin films for solar cellsapplications
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/23/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FSSP.124-126.931.pdf
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of Cu(In〈sub〉0.75〈/sub〉Al〈sub〉0.25〈/sub〉)Se〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 Thin Films from Binary Selenides Powder Compacted Targets by Sputtering and Selenization (2008)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Solid state phenomena Vol. 135 (Feb. 2008), p. 99-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9779
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Cu(In0.75Al0.25)Se2 thin films were prepared using both one-step sputtering andtwo-stage process involving sputtering and selenization. Structure and properties of the filmswere analyzed and compared between the methods. All films had good adhesion to thesubstrate and showed strong (112), (220)/(204) peaks while minor secondary phase CuxSewas observed in the films from selenization. This paper compares the visibility of one stepsputtering process and selenization of sputtered binary selenides layers to produceCu(InAl)Se2 thin films (CIAS) for solar cell absorber applications. One step sputteringdeposition from binary selenides powder compacted targets can produces CIAS films withbetter structural and optical properties compared to films produced by selenization ofsputtered precursors
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/24/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FSSP.135.99.pdf
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and Properties of Stannite-Quaternary Cu〈sub〉2〈/sub〉ZnSnSe〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 Thin Films Prepared by Selenization of Sputtered Binary Compound Precursors (2007)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Advanced materials research Vol. 29-30 (Nov. 2007), p. 79-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-8985
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) thin films were grown on Corning glass 1737 by sequential methodsof sputtering deposition and selenization process. As-grown films showed that elemental Cu, Zn, andSn were in the nearly CZTSe stoichiometric ratio with Se-deficiency as detected by Energy DispersiveX-Ray spectrometry (EDX). In order to attain film stoichiometry, as-deposited films were subjectedto selenization process in tube furnace under Ar ambient at different selenization temperatures for10-60 min. It was found that compositions of binary compound in the sputtering target as well asselenization are critical for the growth of the CZTSe films. The structural characteristics of theselenized CZTSe films revealed a highly oriented stannite CZTSe phase with (112), (220/204) and(312/116) growth orientations and a CuSe secondary phase. By using 0.5% KCN solution, CuSesecondary phase could be totally etched from the CZTSe film surface
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/40/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FAMR.29-30.79.pdf
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Highly c-Axis Oriented Al-Doped ZnO Thin Films Grown in Premixed H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉/Ar Sputtering Gas (2007)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Advanced materials research Vol. 29-30 (Nov. 2007), p. 215-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-8985
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Al-doped ZnO (AZO) thin films were grown on Corning 1737 glass by RF MagnetronSputtering under premixed hydrogen-argon (H2/Ar) sputtering gas. It is found that the introduction ofvarious H2 concentrations during sputtering deposition altered the properties of Al-doped ZnO films.The presence of H2 during AZO growth at low deposition temperature leads to the growth of a-axispreferential orientation crystal whereas c-axis preferential orientation occurred only at higherdeposition temperature. Highly oriented c-axis (002) crystal has been successfully grown under 3%H2 concentration at 200°C deposition temperature. Film’s resistivity is appeared to be a function of H2concentration. Additional H2 concentration in sputtering gas increased of film’s transmittance up to85% at visible-near infra red spectra while it caused the Burstein-Moss shift toward the blue region at350 nm wavelength
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/40/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FAMR.29-30.215.pdf
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-Part Trade Policy under Imperfect Competition (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Review of international economics 5 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper we consider the potential gain of a government pursuing a two-part trade policy: an import license for entry, along with a per-unit tariff on imports. The model is a two-stage game of complete but imperfect information. In the first stage, the domestic government sets trade policy, while in the second stage the home and foreign producers behave as Cournot competitors. The paper demonstrates that the optimal trade policy depends upon the number of firms, the degree of heterogeneity in cost functions, and the degree of convexity in cost functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00039
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study on composite coatings of yttrium ion-plating and pack aluminizing for high-temperature applications (1993)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 40 (1993), S. 321-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: composite coating ; pack aluminizing ; ion plating ; hot corrosion ; IN 713C
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Yttrium (Y) was incorporated by an ion-plating method either before or after pack aluminizing to maximize the corrosion resistance of IN 713C. Various combinations of pack aluminizing and yttrium-ion plating were examined with respect to coating sequence, aluminum activity, and corrosive environment. Of all the various coating combinations examined, the best corrosion resistance was obtained from H/A + Y (high-activity aluminizing + Y-ion plating) type composite coatings. Uniformity of the Y deposition was greatly dependent upon the surface condition of the aluminide-coating layer. The high-activity aluminide coating gave better uniformity of Y deposition than did the low-activity-aluminide coating.Improvement of corrosion resistance by the Y-modified-aluminide composite coatings of H/A + Y type occur because the presence of Y between the Al2O3 columns improves Al2O3 scale adherence and substantially prevents depletion of Al in the aluminide-coating layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00664496
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of yttrium on the stability of aluminide-yttrium composite coatings in a cyclic high-temperature hot-corrosion environment (1994)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 41 (1994), S. 179-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: composite coating ; yttrium ; aluminide ; hot corrosion ; Al2O3 stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A composite coating of aluminide-yttrium has shown excellent corrosion resistance in a cyclic high-temperature hot-corrosion environment. To understand the effect of yttrium on the stability of the composite coating, the specimens were prepared with various coating parameters of Y thickness, sequence of post heat treatment and surface condition before Y-ion plating. Performance of the composite coating was evaluated by isothermal oxidation and cyclic high-temperature hot corrosion. Isothermal-oxidation-test results show that the Y in the composite coating helps to form a thick and dense Al2O3 scale which is ductile and resistant to thermal stress. The Y in Al2O3 may act as a donor which leads to an increase in concentration of interstitial oxygen and, thus, increases in oxidation rate. The presence of Y2O3 and (Y, Al) O-type compounds in grain boundaries of Al2O3 and boundaries between the Al2O3 and NiAl effectively prohibits the fast diffusion of oxidants (such as O and S) and Al along grain boundaries. Consequently, it may induce slow diffusion through the matrix, and thus the corrosion resistance of the composite coating under cyclic hot corrosion increases substantially.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01080780
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of a Yttrium Coating on the Oxidation Behavior of Ni3Al (II) (1998)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 49 (1998), S. 403-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: POSTHEAT TREATMENT ; (Y, Al)O-TYPE OXIDE ; GROWTH STRESS ; THERMAL STRESS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A Y-coated Ni3Al with a postheattreatment shows much better oxidation resistance than aY-coated Ni3Al without a postheat treatment.In order to explain the effect of postheat treatment atlow oxygen pressure, postheat treatment after Y-ion plating wasperformed in flowing hydrogen as a function of time.During these treatments, the Y-coated layer was modifiedinto a (Y, Al)O-type oxide by reaction betweenY2O3 and Al2O3. The thicknessof the modified Y-layer was related to oxygen pressureand time. The Y-modified layer formed by postheattreatment acts as a barrier to the transport of oxygen.The fine (Y, Al)O-type oxide can easily relieve growth stress bypermitting easy plastic deformation, and the (Y,Al)O-type oxide layer can absorb the thermal stressdeveloped in the Al2O3 layer. Thetensile stress generated by the difference in thermal-expansioncoefficients of the (Y, Al)O-type oxide and theAl2O3 layer compensates the largecompressive stress generated by the difference inthermal-expansion coefficients of the Al2O3 layer andthe Ni3Al alloy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018807214002
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of yttrium coating on the oxidation behavior of Ni3Al (1996)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 46 (1996), S. 147-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: yttrium-ion plating ; post heat treatment ; (Y, Al)O-type oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Yttrium-coated Ni3Al with post heat treatment has shown good high-temperature oxidation resistance. To understand the effect of the Y-coating and post heat treatment on the oxidation resistance of Ni3Al, the specimens were coated with Y by an ion-plating method, and heat treatment was performed at low oxygen level before or after the Y-coating was applied. Performance of the Y-coated Ni3Al was evaluated by isothermal and cyclic oxidation tests. A simple deposition of Y on Ni3Al did not change the oxidation kinetics, but the post heat treatment after Y-ion plating significantly decreased the oxidation rate of Ni3Al. The scale formed on Y-coated Ni3Al with post heat treatment after Y-ion plating showed a fine and dense structure which was grain refined by the presence of a (Y, Al) O-type oxide in the scale. The coated Y layer becomes a Y-Al compound during heat treatment. The presence of the (Y, Al)O-type oxide in grain boundaries or the lattice of Al2O3 modify the diffusion rate of Al and oxygen, and the oxide microstructure during oxidation. Improvement of cyclic-oxidation resistance of Ni3Al by the Y-coating occurs because the presence of (Y, Al)O-type oxide develops fine-grain oxides which can easily relieve the growth stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046888
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Complex demoeconomic dynamics (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 2 (1989), S. 139-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract We show how various kinds of qualitative long run demoeconomic behavior depend on household preferences, productivity and the cost of childrearing. In particular, a dominant trend in growth can be interspersed with periods of fluctuation as slowly moving changes in productivity, preference and child care costs push nonlinearities past crucial bifurcation points. Moreover, nonperiodic, essentially unpredictable demoeconomic behavior is robust, thus suggesting a possible explanation for persistent and substantial errors in population forecasts.[/p]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00522406
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