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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 8 (2001), S. 5239-5243 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Near solid density plasmas have been obtained by the interaction of ultraintense (2×1018 W cm−2) clean laser pulses with targets composed of different thickness of Al on a Si substrate. The depth of the x-ray emission and spectral shapes were measured using x-ray spectroscopy, which simultaneously characterized the emitting plasma and the suprathermal electron distribution. Strong modifications of the plasmas thermal radiative properties have been observed, for the first time, by changing the laser polarization from S to P. This correlates with an increase of suprathermal electrons production. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 3627-3633 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We present results of the characterization of an ultrafast x-ray streak camera, based on Photonis (formerly Philips Photonics) P860 tube, developed for use in ultrashort laser-produced plasma research. The streak camera presented here (called PX1) has been extensively characterized with continuous and pulsed x-ray sources. Time resolution of 350 fs in the keV x-ray range has been achieved, while maintaining a high spatial resolution of 40 μm along a direction perpendicular to the time dispersion axis. It is shown that the streak camera response is lower when the photocathode is illuminated by a pulsed source than when used with a continuous one. This effect seems to be related to a change in the phosphor response. The camera has been used to achieve high-resolution subpicosecond time-resolved spectroscopy of ultrashort laser plasmas allowing the measurements of K-shell line emission durations of 700 fs. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 60 (1989), S. 3386-3390 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The combination of transmission diffraction grating (free-standing gold bars), pinhole and film can be used for quantitative measurements of the x-ray spectra in the 0.1–1.5-keV region by adopting the procedures described. The steps consist of film calibration and deconvolution of overlapping contributions from different spectral orders. In addition, spatial resolution is available in the direction perpendicular to the dispersion axis for each x-ray energy. The working example presented is the characterization of an x-ray source created by a laser-target interaction, for possible use in x-ray microscopy or x-ray lithography.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Hydrogenated amorphous a-SixC1−x:H films with various compositions (0.2≤x≤0.8) were prepared by a radio frequency (rf 100 kHz) glow discharge decomposition of a silane and methane mixture diluted in argon. The deposition system used was a commercially available plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition reactor allowing a high throughput (22 wafers of 4 in. diameter each run). The properties of the films such as thickness, density, and stress were investigated. The composition, including hydrogen content and Si/C ratio, and the structure of the films were systematically examined by means of several diagnostics including electron recoil detection, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and infrared (IR) absorption analysis. Thickness and density of the films were dependent on the film composition, while the stress of the films was highly compressive (3×109–1×1010 dynes/cm2). Density was about 2.4 g/cm3 for nearly stoichiometric SiC films. The hydrogen content of the films was practically constant at 27 at. % over the whole investigated composition range. The IR analyses suggested that the structure of the silicon carbide films is inorganic-like over the whole range of compositions. From stoichiometric to carbon-rich films, the structure mainly consists of a tetrahedral network where silicon atoms are randomly replaced by carbon atoms and one hydrogen atom is bonded to silicon (SiH group). However, the presence of SiH2 groups and microvoids was observed in the structure of Si-rich silicon carbide films. Finally, the development of SiC membranes for x-ray lithography was presented including the control of film stress by means of rapid thermal annealing. Silicon carbide membranes of relatively high surface area (32×32 mm2) and showing high optical transparency (80%) were successfully fabricated.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 432 (2004), S. 867-871 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Single-electron wavefunctions, or orbitals, are the mathematical constructs used to describe the multi-electron wavefunction of molecules. Because the highest-lying orbitals are responsible for chemical properties, they are of particular interest. To observe these orbitals change as bonds are ...
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 2834-2840 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The stress evolution of plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition a-SiC:H films was studied by increasing the annealing temperature from 300 to 850 °C. A large stress range from −1 GPa compressive to 1 GPa tensile was investigated. Infrared absorption, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and elastic recoil detection analysis techniques were used to follow the Si-C, Si-H, and C-H absorption band evolutions, the Si2p and C1s chemical bondings, and the a-SiC:H film hydrogen content variations with the annealing temperatures, respectively. It is pointed out that the compressive stress relaxation is due to the hydrogenated bond (Si—H and C—H) dissociation, whereas the tensile stress is caused by additional Si—C bond formation. At high annealing temperatures, a total hydrogen content decrease is clearly observed. This total hydrogen loss is interpreted in terms of hydrogen molecule formation and outerdiffusion. The results are discussed and a quantitative model correlating the intrinsic stress variation to the Si—H, C—H, and Si—C bond density variations is proposed.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 70 (1991), S. 3980-3982 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Laser-driven shocks are successfully used to densify high-temperature superconducting YBa2Cu3O7 ceramic powders. Pressures of 10 GPa on a nanosecond time scale were generated by producing a confined plasma with a high-intensity laser pulse. Significant consolidation is generated up to 300 μm below the irradiated surface (1 cm2). Magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate that the pinning of the intergranular vortices is strongly affected by the shock propagation. Recovery of superconductivity in compacted material is obtained with a postshock oxygen annealing.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The propagation of high-power short-pulse laser beams over considerable distances in air is studied both experimentally and via numerical simulations. Filaments are formed after 5–10 m and their propagation over distances in excess of 200 m is reported for the first time. The lateral dimensions of the filaments are found to range from about 100 μm to a few millimeters in diameter. The early values of plasma electron density have been inferred to be a few times 1016 cm−3 using longitudinal spectral interferometry. For 500 fs pulses and a wavelength of 1053 nm, the energy in the filament can be quite high initially (∼8 mJ) and is found to stabilize at about 1.5–2 mJ, after about 35 m. A simple model based on the nonlinear Schrödinger equation coupled to a multiphoton ionization law appears to describe several experimental results quite well. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 6 (1999), S. 1318-1322 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Hard x-ray spectra (10–100 keV) created in high contrast, 400 fs, laser pulse interaction with solid targets, have been studied for laser intensities in the 1017–1019 W/cm2 range. The target atomic numbers (Z) extended from Z=13 to Z=73. The measured conversion efficiency at Ag Kα emission line was 10−3% at 5×1018 W/cm2. It has been confirmed that the hot electron temperature increased as (Iλ2)1/3 and the fraction of laser energy in hot electrons follows scaling law of (Iλ2)3/4. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Space–time-resolved Thomson scattering was used to characterize the electron and ion temperatures in laser produced plasmas of various atomic numbers (Z=6, 13, 32, 73, 92). A Nd:glass laser with intensity between 1013 and 5×1014 W/cm2 was used to produce plasmas of relevance to laser fusion and x-ray laser studies. A comparison of the electron temperature and density deduced from Thomson scattering, x-ray spectroscopy, and lasnex hydrocode simulations is presented.
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