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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transition processes between the three typical paths of the Kuroshio (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 42 (1986), S. 174-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Transitions between the three typical paths of the Kuroshio south of Japan (the nearshore and offshore non-large-meander paths and the large-meander path) are described using sea level data at Miyake-jima and HachijÔ-jima in the Izu Islands and temperature data at a depth of 200 m observed from 1964 to 1975 and in 1980. In transitions between the nearshore and offshore non-large-meander paths the variation of the Kuroshio path occurs first in the region off Enshû-nada between the Kii Peninsula and the Izu Ridge and subsequently over the ridge. In the nearshore to offshore transition the offshore displacement of the path occurs first off Enshû-nada and then develops southeastwardly in the direction of HachijÔ-jima. In the reverse transition shoreward displacement occurs first off Enshû-nada and then throughout the region west and east of the Izu Ridge. The position of the Kuroshio south of Cape Shiono-misaki (the southernmost tip of the Kii Peninsula) is almost fixed near the coast throughout these transition periods, and significant variations of the Kuroshio path only occur east of the cape. The nearshore to offshore and offshore to nearshore transitions can be estimated to take about 25 and 35 days, respectively, during which the variation of the Kuroshio path over the Izu Ridge occurs for the last 11 and 25 days. The transitions between the non-large-meander and large-meander paths show that the large-meander path is mostly formed from the nearshore non-large-meander path and always changes to the offshore non-large-meander path.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02109352
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Southward intrusion of the intermediate Oyashio water along the east coast of the Boso Peninsula I. Coastal salinity-minimum-layer water off the Boso Peninsula (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 49 (1993), S. 89-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Index species of zooplankton of the Oyashio water are found in and beneath the salinity minimum layer in Sagami Bay. In order to clarify the intrusion path of the intermediate Oyashio Water (or the water of the Mixed Water Region), the oceanographic conditions off the Boso Peninsula are studied by using available hydrographic data obtained mainly by Japan Meteorological Agency. The cross-sectional salinity distribution along KJ line which extends southeastward from off the tip of the peninsula always indicates the existence of a low salinity patch just off the coast in the salinity minimum layer. This water is well separated from the offshore low salinity water which is considered as the water in the western margin of the so-called North Pacific Intermediate Water. We refer to the former water as the coastal salinity-minimum-layer (SML) water and to the latter as the offshore SML water. The coastal SML water is usually bounded by the current zone of the Kuroshio. The existence of the coastal SML water seems to indicate the possible pathway of the intermediate Oyashio water along the Boso Peninsula into Sagami Bay. The detailed water type analysis is made in T-S plane, S-Δst plane, and O2-Δst plane. There is no significant difference in distribution ranges of the water types between the coastal SML water and the offshore SML water. However, the water types of the coastal SML water is not uniformly distributed, and the water can be classified into two groups: group A with relatively high oxygen content and relatively low salinity value and group B with relatively low oxygen content and relatively high salinity value. Group A is thought to be associated with strong event-like intrusions, the details of which will be discussed in Part II.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02234011
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring of position of the Kuroshio axis in the Tokara Strait using sea level data (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 52 (1996), S. 675-687 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Properties of the index of position of the Kuroshio axis in the Tokara Strait, named the Kuroshio position index (KPI), were examined using sea-level data during 1984–92. The index is KPI=(X+M x )/(Y+M y whereX(Y) is the anomaly of sea-level difference of Nakanoshima (Naze) minus Nishinoomote from the 1984–92 meanM x (M y ). The correlation with the latitude of the Kuroshio axis in the Tokara Strait concluded that the KPI withM x /M y =0.83 and realisticM y (100±40 cm) best indicates the position of the Kuroshio axis in the strait. The KPI withM x =83 cm andM y =100 cm was newly called the KPI as the best index. Using daily values of this KPI, the relation between the position of the Kuroshio in the strait and the large meander of the Kuroshio shown by Kawabe (1995) was confirmed and studied in detail. A large meander forms (ends) 3.3 (5.1) months after a northward (southward) shift of the Kuroshio in the Tokara Strait. Yet, a temporary southward shift with a duration of ten to twenty days does not finish the large-meander (LM) path. At the LM formation, a small meander southeast of Kyushu begins to move eastward associated with the northward shift. The processes of LM formation and decay are started by the meridional move of the Kuroshio axis in the Tokara Strait. The Kuroshio axis at the FES line during the LM path is located farther north by 7′ latitude than that during the non-large-meander (NLM) path. The latitude during the LM formation (decay) stage is a little higher (lower) than that during the LM (NLM) period, though the Kuroshio still takes an NLM (LM) path.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02239459
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sea level changes south of Japan associated with the non-large-meander path of the Kuroshio (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 45 (1989), S. 181-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sea levels south of Japan from 1964 to 1975 are examined in terms of the nearshore and offshore non-large-meander (NLM) paths of the Kuroshio and the transitions between them. The sea-level anomalies from the annual variations on the south coast of Japan are much larger during the transition from the nearshore to offshore NLM paths than during the reverse transition by 9 cm on average. This characteristic can be seen only in the coastal region of the Kuroshio-flowing area, so that the sea-level difference of Naze minus Nishinoomote (indicator of Kuroshio velocity) during the offshore to nearshore transition is larger by 15 cm than during the reverse transition. The transition from the offshore to nearshore NLM paths occurs when the velocity of the Kuroshio is large or increasing, while the nearshore to offshore transition occurs when it is small or decreasing. The former transition occurs whenever the velocity increases greatly, whereas the latter one does not always occur even though the velocity decreases. The sea-level difference between Kushimoto and Uragami is highly coherent with the alternate appearance of the nearshore and offshore NLM paths. Offshore NLM paths longer than 2.5 months appear during large falls of the sea-level difference of Kushimoto minus Uragami, while large rises of the sea-level difference correspond to long-lasting nearshore NLM paths. The mean sea-level difference during the nearshore NLM path is larger by 4 cm than that during the offshore NLM path.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02123462
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sea level variations around the Nansei Islands and the large meander in the Kuroshio south of central Japan (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 36 (1980), S. 227-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The sea level difference between Naze and Nishinoomote and sea level anomalies (the residuals after removal of seasonal variations) around the Nansei Islands were examined in relation to the large meander in the Kuroshio south of central Japan. They are indices of surface velocity and geostrophic transport of the Kuroshio in the Tokara Strait and in the East China Sea, respectively. All of them were large during the meandering period, and each of them reached a maximum before or after the generation of the large meander in 1975. Thus the surface velocity and the geostrophic transport of the Kuroshio in the Tokara Strait and the East China Sea were large during the meandering period. The sea level difference between Naze and Nishinoomote (or Makurazaki) shows that the surface velocity and geostrophic transport in the Tokara Strait were significantly larger during the extinction stage in 1963 and during the generation stage in 1975 and were correlated with the position of the Kuroshio east of Kyûshû in 1974 and 1975 before the generation of the large meander. The surface velocity of the Kuroshio southeast of Yakushima (E-line) based on dynamic calculation referred to 1,000 db was weak during the meandering period, and was out of phase with the variation of surface velocity in the Tokara Strait monitored by tide gauge data. The analysis of GEK and hydrographic data shows that southwestward flow existed below 600 m in the slope region on the E-line and weakened during the meandering period. Thus, the out-of-phase variation in surface velocity mentioned above seems to be partly explained by the variation in velocity on the reference level at the E-line.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02070336
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Branching of the Tsushima current in the Japan Sea (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 38 (1982), S. 95-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Although the Tsushima Current exhibits a complicated meander in the interior region of the Japan Sea, its path is more regular in the southwest region near the Tsushima Strait, and three branches have often been recognized there by many investigators. However, the detailed structures and temporal variabilities of these branches have not been clarified, and so they are studied here by analysing temperature, salinity and sea level data. It is shown that the existence of the first branch (the nearshore branch along the Japanese coast) can be detected from salinity distributions at least during the period from March to August. The third branch (the Eastern Korean Current) exists in all seasons. On the other hand, the second branch (the offshore branch) is seasonally variable and can be identified only in summer from June to August. Along the Japanese coast of southwest Japan Sea, the main pycnocline intersects the gentle slope on the shelf at a depth between 150 and 200 m. The first branch is found on the coastal side of the line where the main pycnocline intersects the bottom slope. On the other hand, the second branch is formed just on the seaward side of this line. Sea level differences in the Tsushima Strait, i.e., between Hakata and Izuhara and between Izuhara and Pusan, show that the seasonal variation of the surface velocity (or volume transport) is small in the eastern channel and large in the western channel. The period during which the surface velocity and volume transport in the western channel increase corresponds well to the period during which the second branch exists. These results suggest that the effects of bottom topography and oceanic stratification in the Japan Sea as well as the time variation of inflow through the western channel of the Tsushima Strait play important roles in the formation of the second branch.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02110295
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coastal trapped waves in a two-layer ocean: Wave properties when the density interface intersects a sloping bottom (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 38 (1982), S. 115-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Properties of coastal trapped waves when the pycnocline intersects a sloping bottom are studied using a two-layer model which has slopes in both layers. In this system there is an infinite discrete sequence of modes, and four different sorts of waves exist: the barotropic Kelvin wave, the upper shelf wave, the lower shelf wave and the internal Kelvin-type wave. They all propagate with the coast to their right in the Northern Hemisphere. The upper and lower shelf waves are due to the topographicβ-effect on the upper-layer and lower-layer slopes, respectively. Their motions are dominant in the respective layers being accompanied by significant interface elevations. The properties of the upper (lower) shelf wave are almost unaffected by the existence of a lower-layer (upper-layer) slope. The motion of the internal Kelvin-type wave is confined to the region around the line where the density interface intersects the bottom slope. The modes, except that with the fastest phase speed (the barotropic Kelvin wave), are assigned mode numbers in order of descending frequency. Characteristics of Mode 1 change with wavenumber; the upper shelf wave for small wavenumbers and the internal Kelvin-type wave for large wavenumbers (high frequencies). The higher modes of Mode 2 and above can be classified into the upper and lower shelf waves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02110282
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Branching of the Tsushima Current in the Japan Sea (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 38 (1982), S. 183-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Three branches of the Tsushima Current are reproduced in a numerical model, and their formation mechanisms are studied. Two types of a two-layer, inflow-outflow model with a bottom slope along the Japanese coast are used. One has a bottom slope only in the lower layer (Model A), and the other has bottom slopes in both layers (Model B). Model B represents the typical situation in the Japan Sea, i.e., the main pycnocline intersects the bottom slope. The onshore side of the line where the pycnocline intersects the bottom slope has only one layer in Model B. Seasonal variation of inflow in the upper layer of the western half in the entrance section (the Tsushima Strait) is incorporated into the model. Three branches are formed in Model B and not in Model A. The first branch is the bottom-controlled steady current due to the topographicβ-effect on the upper-layer slope which exists in the one-layer region along the Japanese coast. The second branch is a temporal current which is formed along the offshore edge of the coastal one-layer region in association with the variation of inflow. The third branch is the steady western boundary current due to the planetaryβ-effect. These results compare favorably with observations in Part I of this study. The mechanism of formation of the second branch is examined in detail. This branch is caused by the propagation of the lowest two modes of the upper shelf wave caused by the topographicβ-effect on the upper-layer slope which are generated by the significant increase in inflow from June to August.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02111101
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sea level variations at the Izu Islands and typical stable paths of the Kuroshio (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 41 (1985), S. 307-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Differences in daily mean sea level between Kushimoto and Uragami and daily mean sea levels at Miyake-jima and HachijÔ-jima in the Izu Islands are examined during the 1964–1980 period, and characteristics of the typical paths of the Kuroshio corresponding to the dominant sea level states are described. Sea levels at the islands show three dominant states: high and low sea level states (45 % and 31 %) in the non-large-meander period (October 1963 –7 August 1975) and high sea level state (64 %) in the large-meander period (8 August 1975–15 March 1980). This indicates the existence of three typical paths of the Kuroshio, and the states correspond to the nearshore and offshore non-large-meander paths and the typical large-meander path, respectively. The first path is located near the coast throughout the whole southern area off Japan, the second path leaves the coast around the Izu Ridge and passes south of HachijÔ-jima, and the third path is located near the coast over the ridge after meandering far to the south of Enshû-nada. The positions of the three typical paths are almost the same in the farthest upstream and downstream regions south of Japan between 131
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02109238
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study on the Kuroshio and the Tsushima Current (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 42 (1986), S. 319-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract I summarize the variations of the path of the Kuroshio and of the Tsushima Current mainly based on the results of my studies. The Tsushima Current forms three branches just after it enters the Japan Sea through the Tsushima Strait. The first and third branch currents flow along the Japanese and Korean coasts, respectively, and the second branch current flows from the western channel of the Tsushima Strait to the west of the Oki Islands only in summer from June to August. Properties of the topographic waves which are thought to work on the formation of the second branch are described mainly in terms of the dispersion relations. The Kuroshio has three typical paths,i.e., the nearshore and offshore non-large-meander paths and the typical large-meander path. The Kuroshio alternately takes the nearshore and offshore paths in the non-large-meander period, occasionally changes from the nearshore nonlarge-meander path to the large-meander path and, after having taken the large-meander path for several years, changes to the offshore non-large-meander path. Sea levels south of Japan are clearly different between the non-large-meander and large-meander periods, while they are not different between the periods of the nearshore and offshore non-large-meander paths. But, sea level and water properties in the coastal region show remarkable features during short periods of transitions between the typical non-large-meander paths. Future problems and subjects of studies on these currents are indicated. Especially, importance of velocity monitoring of the Kuroshio is emphasized, and a design of the observation across the Tokara Strait is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02114530
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