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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 225 (1970), S. 874-876 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Interspecific crosses between 28-chromosome auto-tetraploid cultivated barley (H. vulgare) and tetraploid H. bulbosum were made reciprocally and the progeny were nearly all 14-chromosome "diploid" plants resembling cultivated barley5. The progeny contained gamete chromosome numbers, so ...
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cell regeneration and sustained division have been observed in protoplasts from carrot cell suspension cultures. Carrot plants were produced from the protoplasts by embryogenesis.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 366-369 
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Barley microspores were viable when cultured in a sugarless medium. Adding 2g of glucose to 1l of this medium resulted in a significant reduction in the frequency of viable microspores. The frequency of viable microspores was further reduced when 50g of cellobiose, glucose, maltose, melezitose, raffinose or sucrose were added to 1l of the culture medium containing 2g/l glucose. Adding 50g of melibiose, Ficoll, polyethylene glycol (PEG) or a combination 50g each of Ficoll and PEG to 1I of the medium containing 2g/l glucose had very little effect on the viability of the microspores. Up to 66% of the viable microspores were able to divide and many of these developed into microcalli in the basal medium complemented with melibiose, maltose, melezitose, raffinose, Ficoll, PEG or a combination of Ficoll with PEG. Sucrose, cellobiose and glucose added in large quantities inhibited cell division in microspores or destabilized the microspores and only very few of them developed into microcalli. The microcalli in the PEG, Ficoll, Ficoll-PEG and melibiose media were smaller in size than those grown in the melezitose, maltose and raffinose media. Sustained cell division and microcallus formation were observed in a medium with melibiose or maltose as sole source of sugars.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 62 (1982), S. 301-304 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Isozymes ; Somatic hybrids ; Chromosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The chromosomal stability of a number of somatic hybrids derived from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and Nicotiana tabacum var. ‘Xanthi’ were investigated. Several of the hybrid cell lines retained more than half the complement of N. tabacum chromosomes after 7 months of culturing. A number of chromosomal abnormalities were observed. The hybrids were positively identified by employing isozyme analysis of several dehydrogenases and aspartate aminotransferase.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 120 (1974), S. 215-227 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Interspecific and intergeneric fusions of plant protoplasts were induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1540 or 4000. The frequency of heterokaryocyte formation (or rate of fusion) was much higher when PEG was eluted with a high pH-high Ca2+ solution or a salt solution than when it was eluted with a protoplast culture medium. The frequency of heterokaryocyte formation was also affected by the types of enzymes used for wall degradation, duration of enzyme incubation and molality of the PEG solutions. The maximum frequency of heterokaryocyte formation was 23% for V. hajastana Grossh.-soybean (Glycine max L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)-soybean, 35% for pea (Pisum sativum L.)-soybean, 20% for pea-V. hajastana, 14% for corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean and 10% for V. villosa Roth-V. hajastana. 40% of the barley-soybean, corn-soybean and pea-soybean heterokaryocytes divided at least once. Some divided many times and formed clusters of up to 100 cells in 2 weeks. The heterokaryocytes of soybean-V. hajastana, V. villosa-V. hajastana also divided. Of the PEG-treated protoplasts of N. langsdorffii and N. glauca 13.5% developed into tumor-like calli. The morphology of these calli was very much like that of the tumors produced on amphidiploid plants of N. langsdorffii x glauca. Nuclear staining indicated that heterokaryocytes of V. hajastana-soybean, pea-soybean, corn-soybean and barley-soybean could undergo mitosis. Nuclear divisions in a heterokaryocyte were usually synchronized or almost synchronized. Nuclear fusion and true hybrid formation usually occurred during the first mitotic division after protoplast fusion. A hybrid of barley-soybean in third cell division was observed. The frequency of heterokaryocytes which underwent nuclear fusion has not been determined. Multipole formation and chimeral cell colonies were also observed.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Protoplasts from cell suspension cultures of Vicia hajastana Grossh., soybean (Glycine max L.) and brome grass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) were tightly agglutinated by immune sera prepared against them in rabbits. After incubation, the aggregated protoplasts became adpressed over a considerable area of their surface. Antibody prepared against Vicia protoplasts agglutinated both Vicia and soybean protoplasts alone, as well as a mixture of the two. Soybean and bromegrass antibody likewise cross-reacted with and agglutinated Vicia protoplasts. The heterologous reactions were nearly as strong as, and in some cases stronger than, the homologous. When sheep anti-rabbit globulin was reacted with a mixture of the protoplasts previously coated with homologous antibody, agglutination occurred much more quickly and the aggregates could not be dispersed without physical damage. Carbol-fuchsin staining of nuclei showed that Vicia and soybean protoplasts were randomly mixed in the aggregate. The protoplasts were viable and underwent division after the antibody treatment. The immune serum, which presumably contained complement, lysed the protoplasts unless it was heat-treated prior to use.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 115 (1974), S. 355-367 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Protoplasts of Vicia hajastana Grossh. obtained from suspension-culture cells and Pisum sativum L. obtained from leaves adhered tightly to each other in concentrated solutions of high-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol (PEG). The adhesion occurred non-specifically between the free protoplasts from the same species as well as from the different species and genus. It was enhanced by enrichment of the PEG solution with calcium. Very few heteroplasmic fusions occurred during the period when the protoplasts were incubated in the PEG solution. However, many heterokaryons (up to 10%) were formed soon after the PEG solution was diluted out. The same phenomena were also observed in protoplasts from suspension-culture cells of Glycine max L. and from leaves of Hordeum vulgare L. Vicia and soybean protoplasts obtained from cultured cells regenerated cell walls and underwent sustained cell division after such treatment. Some Vicia-pea heterokaryons divided once. Over 10% of the soybean-barley hybrids divided in 7 days. Some divided 4–5 times and formed small clusters of cells in 10 days. The hybrids were recognizable because they contained chloroplasts from the leaf protoplast and exhibited morphological characters typical of the chlorophyll-less cells. None of the protoplasts from pea and barley leaves, either with or without PEG treatment, underwent cell division during the period of observation. The mechanism of adhesion and fusion of the protoplasts has been discussed.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary When Vicia hajastana Grossh. cells or protoplasts were cultured at a high population density (ca. 5000 cells or protoplasts/ml), they were able to grow in a mineral-salt solution supplemented with sucrose (or glucose), a few vitamins, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. They were not able to survive when cultured at a low population density unless the medium was supplemented with zeatin, naphthalene-1-acetic acid, nucleic-acid bases, amino acids, other sugars, sugar alcohols, and organic acids. Vicia cells were able to grow at an initial population density of 25–50 cells/ml in this defined medium. The population density could be lowered to 1–2 cells/ml with good growth when the mineral-salt medium was enriched with organic acids, sugars, sugar alcohols, coconut water, and casamino acids. The protoplasts also grew best in a medium enriched with these supplements. Three individual protoplasts were isolated and each one was cultured in a separate dish containing 4 ml of this medium. Within 30–40 days, each one had grown indefinitely and formed a mass of cells (ca. 107).
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary With barley a large variation in frequency of plant formation from microspores of spikes from the same plant has been observed. The highest frequency of plant formation was obtained when culturing anthers in the dark on a high Ficoll medium containing 2,4-D and kinetin to induce proembryo (or callus) formation. Subsequently the proembryos or calli were cultured in dim light on a high Ficoll-high sugar medium containing IBA and kinetin. Finally the embryos were transferred to a starch agar medium. A maximum of 13 green plants were obtained from microspores of a single anther. The ratios of green to albino microspore derived plants varied from 9∶1 to 1∶9 depending on culture conditions. Under anaerobic conditions, lactic acid and other organic acids may have damaged the organelles in the cells resulting in the formation of albino plants. Thus, direct embryogenesis by using a well-buffered, high Ficoll-high sugar medium and proper aeration are essential for obtaining high frequency of green plants from microspores.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 74 (1987), S. 426-429 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; Barley ; Anther culture ; Selection in vitro ; Salt tolerance ; Haploid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Anthers of two six-row barley cultivars Diamond (a germination salt sensitive cultivar) and Men Yuan Liang Lan (a germination salt tolerant cultivar), and their F1 reciprocal crosses were cultured in liquid media containing 0, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8% Na2SO4. A total of 138 green pollen plants were obtained: 7 from Na2SO4 media, 128 from Na2SO4 free medium. Seeds of two successive generations of 61 pollen plants were germinated in a series of Na2SO4 solution (0 to 5.5%). It was found that among 37 progenies from F1 pollen in Na2SO4 free medium, 11 were as sensitive as “Diamond”, 12 were intermediate to the two parents, 7 were equal to the salt tolerant parent and 7 were more tolerant to Na2SO4 than ‘Men Yuan Liang Lan’. Whereas, no progeny from F1 pollen in high salt media was as susceptible as the susceptible parent; 2 were intermediate, 2 were equal to the salt tolerant parent and 2 were more tolerant than the salt tolerant parent. The results indicate that culturing anthers in Na2SO4 media effectively eliminated salt susceptible progenies. All 16 microspore-derived lines of Diamond were as susceptible as ‘Diamond’ to Na2SO4. The 5 lines from ‘Men Yuan Liang Lan’ microspores were as resistant to Na2SO4 as ‘Men Yuan Liang Lan’. All of the lines breed-true. The results indicate that the lines exhibiting elevated levels of tolerance to salt probably resulted from recombination of genes rather than from spontaneous mutation.
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