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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2015-01-24
    Description: The mammalian blastocyst exhibits a high capacity for aerobic glycolysis, a metabolic characteristic of tumours. It has been considered that aerobic glycolysis is a means to ensure a high carbon flux to fulfil biosynthetic demands. Here, alternative explanations for this pattern of metabolism are considered. Lactate creates a microenvironment of low pH around the embryo to assist the disaggregation of uterine tissues to facilitate trophoblast invasion. Further it is proposed that lactate acts as a signalling molecule (especially at the reduced oxygen tension present at implantation) to elicit bioactive VEGF recruitment from uterine cells, to promote angiogenesis. Finally it is suggested that the region of high lactate/low pH created by the blastocyst modulates the activity of the local immune response, helping to create immune tolerance. Consequently, the mammalian blastocyst offers a model to study the role of microenvironments, and how metabolites and pH are used in signalling. Mammalian blastocysts exhibit high levels of aerobic glycolysis to create a microenvironment characterised by high lactate and decreased extracellular pH. This environment impacts on the surrounding uterine endometrium, not only facilitating the breakdown of extracellular matrix to facilitate implantation, but ensuring successful angiogenesis, while preventing immune rejection by the mother.
    Print ISSN: 0265-9247
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-1878
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2015-12-01
    Description: Assignment problems in quota-managed fisheries are caused by spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the productivity of the stock. If the quota management system is not fully delineated (e.g. harvest rights assigned to particular areas) then fishers will compete with each other and overexploit parts of the fishery where or when the quota unit value is highest (i.e. fishing costs low and/or market price high), leading to economic rent dissipation. This study used experimental economics to assess the effectiveness of fishery temporal closures and income-sharing fishery cooperatives in resolving assignment problems across three different fisheries with varying levels of fisher heterogeneity (i.e. numbers of quota owners and lease quota fishers). While most fisheries were successful in reducing economic rent dissipation under the fishery closure management structure relative to their baseline(s), fisheries characterized by a greater number of lease quota fishers were less effective. This was due to the differential values that lease quota fishers place on the resource relative to quota owners, due to having insecurity of tenure and diminished wealth in having to bid for a quota package and pay for it using their revenue from fishing. Conversely, income-sharing fishery cooperatives were equally successful across all three fisheries in reducing assignment problems relative to their baseline(s). This was because income-sharing created an incentive to coordinate fishing effort, particularly among heterogeneous groups. While requiring further exposition in the field, these experimental results represent a first step in identifying management institutions that may assist fishers under quota management to resolve assignment problems in a dynamic environment.
    Print ISSN: 1054-3139
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9289
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1999-03-01
    Print ISSN: 1420-682X
    Electronic ISSN: 1420-9071
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-08-20
    Description: The link between watershed nitrogen (N) loading and watershed nitrate (NO3−) export is poorly understood yet critical to addressing the growing global problem of watershed N enrichment. We introduce the Big Sky nutrient export model (BiSN) which incorporates spatial stream water chemistry, data from instream tracer additions and geologic weathering experiments, and terrain and land use analysis to quantify the spatial variability of watershed sensitivity to N loading and the relative importance of upland, riparian, and instream N retention (storage, removal, or transformation) across land use/land cover (LULC) and landscape positions. Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods were used for model specification and were helpful in assessing model and parameter uncertainty and advancing understanding of the primary processes governing watershed NO3− export. Modeling results revealed that small amounts of wastewater loading occurring in watershed areas with short travel times to the stream had disproportionately large impacts on watershed nitrate (NO3−) export compared to spatially distributed N loading or localized N loading in watershed areas with longer travel times. In contrast, spatially distributed N inputs of greater magnitude (terrestrial storage release and septic systems) had little influence on NO3− export. During summer base flow conditions, 98%–99% of watershed N retention occurred in the uplands, most likely from biological assimilation or lack of hydrologic transport. The relative role of instream N retention increased with N loading downstream through the stream network. This work demonstrates the importance of characterizing the spatial variability of watershed N loading, export and retention mechanisms, and considering landscape position of N sources to effectively manage watershed N.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2014-08-29
    Description: Despite the large evolutionary distances between metazoan species, they can show remarkable commonalities in their biology, and this has helped to establish fly and worm as model organisms for human biology. Although studies of individual elements and factors have explored similarities in gene regulation, a large-scale comparative analysis of basic principles of transcriptional regulatory features is lacking. Here we map the genome-wide binding locations of 165 human, 93 worm and 52 fly transcription regulatory factors, generating a total of 1,019 data sets from diverse cell types, developmental stages, or conditions in the three species, of which 498 (48.9%) are presented here for the first time. We find that structural properties of regulatory networks are remarkably conserved and that orthologous regulatory factor families recognize similar binding motifs in vivo and show some similar co-associations. Our results suggest that gene-regulatory properties previously observed for individual factors are general principles of metazoan regulation that are remarkably well-preserved despite extensive functional divergence of individual network connections. The comparative maps of regulatory circuitry provided here will drive an improved understanding of the regulatory underpinnings of model organism biology and how these relate to human biology, development and disease.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4336544/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4336544/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boyle, Alan P -- Araya, Carlos L -- Brdlik, Cathleen -- Cayting, Philip -- Cheng, Chao -- Cheng, Yong -- Gardner, Kathryn -- Hillier, LaDeana W -- Janette, Judith -- Jiang, Lixia -- Kasper, Dionna -- Kawli, Trupti -- Kheradpour, Pouya -- Kundaje, Anshul -- Li, Jingyi Jessica -- Ma, Lijia -- Niu, Wei -- Rehm, E Jay -- Rozowsky, Joel -- Slattery, Matthew -- Spokony, Rebecca -- Terrell, Robert -- Vafeados, Dionne -- Wang, Daifeng -- Weisdepp, Peter -- Wu, Yi-Chieh -- Xie, Dan -- Yan, Koon-Kiu -- Feingold, Elise A -- Good, Peter J -- Pazin, Michael J -- Huang, Haiyan -- Bickel, Peter J -- Brenner, Steven E -- Reinke, Valerie -- Waterston, Robert H -- Gerstein, Mark -- White, Kevin P -- Kellis, Manolis -- Snyder, Michael -- F32GM101778/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50GM081892/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG004037/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- RC2HG005679/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG004267/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01HG004264/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01HG004267/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG004558/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG006996/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54HG004558/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54HG006996/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- UL1 TR000430/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Aug 28;512(7515):453-6. doi: 10.1038/nature13668.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2]. ; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; 1] Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2] Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; 1] Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [2] Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. ; Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ilinois 60637, USA. ; National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA. ; Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; 1] Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [2] Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25164757" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Caenorhabditis elegans/*genetics/growth & development ; Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ; Conserved Sequence/genetics ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/growth & development ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Expression Regulation/*genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics ; Gene Regulatory Networks/*genetics ; Genome/genetics ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Nucleotide Motifs/genetics ; Organ Specificity/genetics ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2013-06-21
    Description: [1]  A 30-day time course laboratory weathering experiment was conducted using rock samples collected from the West Fork of the Gallatin River watershed (WFW) in southwestern Montana, U.S.A. The goal of these experiments was to quantify the amount of labile nitrogen in rock samples collected from the watershed and determine if chemical weathering is a source of dissolved nitrogen in stream water. Several rock samples investigated produced nitrate in significantly higher concentrations than the silica bead control ( p  〈 0.05) and the data were consistent with elevated NO 3 - concentrations measured in associated WFW streams. Isotopic analyses of 15  N-NO 3 in 22 stream water samples from the WFW and 4 rock:water extracts from the laboratory experiments indicated that the isotopic composition of NO 3 was comparable from rocks and streamwater samples in the same watershed and differed strongly from waters downstream of development. We suggest that the NO 3 - measured in WFW streams includes nitrogen derived from mineral dissolution products from soils and rock. The results presented herein further indicate that rock weathering is a source of streamwater N in the West Fork watershed and inform water quality assessment, total maximum daily load (TMDL) development, and the relative influences of natural and anthropocentrically derived N sources across this developing mountain watershed.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2016-11-16
    Description: Microtubules are structural polymers inside of cells that are subject to posttranslational modifications. These posttranslational modifications create functionally distinct subsets of microtubule networks in the cell, and acetylation is the only modification that takes place in the hollow lumen of the microtubule. Although it is known that the α-tubulin acetyltransferase...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 22 (1989), S. 117-121 
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 24 (1991), S. 3721-3722 
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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