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  • 1
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    Impacts of midlatitude precursor emissions and local photochemistry on ozone abundances in the Arctic (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research., American Geophysical Union, 117(D01305), pp. 1-17, ISSN: 0148-0227
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: We assess the impact of transport of pollution from midlatitudes on the abundance of ozone in the Arctic in summer 2006 using the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model and its adjoint. We find that although the impact of midlatitude emissions on ozone abundances in the Arctic is at a maximum in fall and winter, in July transport from North America, Asia, and Europe together contributed about 25% of surface ozone abundances in the Arctic. Throughout the summer, the dominant source of ozone in the Arctic troposphere was photochemical production within the Arctic, which accounted for more than 50% of the ozone in the Arctic boundary layer and as much as 30%–40% of the ozone in the middle troposphere. An adjoint sensitivity analysis of the impact of NOx emissions on ozone at Alert shows that on synoptic time scales in both the lower and middle troposphere, ozone abundances are more sensitive to emissions between 50°N and 70°N, with important influences from anthropogenic, biomass burning, soil, and lightning sources. Although local surface NOx emissions contribute to ozone formation, transport of NOx in the form of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) from outside the Arctic and from the upper troposphere also contributed to ozone production in the lower troposphere. We find that in late May and June the release of NOx from PAN decomposition accounted for 93% and 55% of ozone production at the Arctic surface, respectively.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 2
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    Precision requirements for space-based XCO2 data (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 112 (2007): D10314, doi:10.1029/2006JD007659.
    Description: Precision requirements are determined for space-based column-averaged CO2 dry air mole fraction (XCO2) data. These requirements result from an assessment of spatial and temporal gradients in XCO2, the relationship between XCO2 precision and surface CO2 flux uncertainties inferred from inversions of the XCO2 data, and the effects of XCO2 biases on the fidelity of CO2 flux inversions. Observational system simulation experiments and synthesis inversion modeling demonstrate that the Orbiting Carbon Observatory mission design and sampling strategy provide the means to achieve these XCO2 data precision requirements.
    Description: This work was supported by the Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) project through NASA’s Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) program. SCO and JTR were supported by a NASA IDS grant (NAG5-9462) to JTR.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of cimetidine and ranitidine on carbamazepine and sodium valproate pharmacokinetics (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 341-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cimetidine ; ranitidine ; carbamazepine ; sodium valproate ; pharmacokinetics ; drug metabolism ; inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose (400 mg) of carbamazepine and sodium valproate were compared in peptic ulcer patients before and after four weeks of a therapeutic course of either cimetidine (1 g/day, n=6 subjects) or ranitidine (300 mg/day, n=6 subjects). There was a small (up to 20%) but statistically significant decrease in oral clearance of carbamazepine after cimetidine treatment. A similar fall in sodium valproate clearance in five cimetidine-treated patients was accompanied by a significantly prolonged elimination half-life. No such trends were demonstrated during ranitidine treatment. Since both anticonvulsants are partly metabolized by hepatic mixed function oxidases, an inhibition by cimetidine at this level may be responsible for the observed impairment of clearance. Thus a potentially important clinical interaction may occur in patients taking anticonvulsants and cimetidine concurrently.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542172
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of duration of intravenous infusion of an acute dose on plasma concentrations of cimetidine (1983)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 29-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cimetidine ; intravenous infusion ; pharmacokinetics ; peptic ulcer ; duration of infusion ; acute dose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The use of cimetidine administered by bolus intravenous injection to critically ill patients has been associated with serious cardiac arrhythmias, due presumably to high initial plasma concentrations. The aim of this study was to determine the range of infusion times of a single 200 mg dose of cimetidine which would avoid high initial drug concentrations while maintaining a duration of effective concentrations no less than that resulting from bolus injection. Computer simulations of both maximum plasma cimetidine concentrations and duration of effective plasma cimetidine concentrations versus duration of infusion were based on mean pharmacokinetic date from 6 peptic ulcer patients who had received cimetidine 200 mg i.v. over 5 min. The simulations indicated that to reduce maximum plasma cimetidine concentrations by at least 50%, while maintaining the duration of effective plasma concentrations, the infusion time should be at least 30 min and no longer than 4.5 h. The validity of the simulations was subsequently tested in 4 of the patients, who received cimetidine 200 mg i.v. over 30 min. The mean maximum plasma concentration for the 30 min infusion (4.57±0.53 µg/ml) was, as predicted, approximately half that corresponding to bolus administration in these patients (8.97±1.96 µg/ml). Moreover, the duration of effective concentrations for the infusion (1.43±0.28 h) was significantly greater than that for the 5 min infusion (1.21±0.31 h). We suggest that where an acute intravenous dose of cimetidine (200 mg) is indicated, it should be administered over at least 30 min rather than as a bolus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00544010
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acipimox in the treatment of patients with hyperlipidaemia: A double blind trial (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 31 (1986), S. 201-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hyperlipidaemia ; acipimox ; adverse effects ; plasma glucose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fifty-two patients with Fredrickson Type IIb or Type IV hyperlipidaemia, in whom diet had not achieved satisfactory lipid levels, completed a double blind randomised study of acipimox versus placebo. The patients were given acipimox, 250 mg three times daily or placebo for a three month period, and plasma lipids and glucose were monitored. The patients receiving acipimox showed a fall in the mean concentration of plasma triglyceride compared to placebo (0.74 mmol/l) and this was most marked in patients whose initial plasma triglyceride levels were greater than 3 mmol/l (1.0 mmol/l, confidence limits 0.18, 1.82). Acipimox was well tolerated, and could be a useful addition to the drugs available for the treatment of patients with hypertriglyceridaemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00606659
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Attachment kinetics, proliferation rates and vinculin assembly of bovine osteoblasts cultured on different pre-coated artificial substrates (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 9 (1998), S. 301-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Primary bovine osteoblasts were used to study in-vitro effects of attachment on vinculin assembly in cells cultured on various artificial substrates. Materials coated with fibronectin and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as well as untreated materials (tissue culture polystyrene and Aclar foils) were chosen to investigate substrate-dependent proliferation during the first 3 days of culture. Proliferation was highest on fibronectin-coated substrates, followed by BSA-coated and untreated substrates. During the first 24 h of cultivation, cell attachment kinetics revealed no significant difference between the various substrates. After 24 h detachment rates obtained by calcium depletion with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid were highest on uncoated materials, followed by BSA- and fibronectin-coated substrates. Phase contrast microscopy revealed typical osteoblast morphology after cell adhesion for 24 h. The dynamic attachment process was concomitant with the reassembly of vinculin into streak-like focal contacts clustered on the ventral side of cells. The kinetics of vinculin reassembly were independent of the underlying coating. Thus, fibronectin coating of artificial substrates increased the attachment strength and proliferation rate of osteoblasts. While the reassembly of vinculin in focal contacts seems to be a prerequisite of osteoblast attachment in vitro, it does not seem to have profound effects on the subsequent cell behaviour on artificial substrates. © Chapman & Hall
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008894612021
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Post-emergence treatment of iron-related rice-seedling chlorosis (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 138 (1991), S. 313-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fe deficiency ; foliar application ; Histosols ; micronutrients ; organic soils ; Oryza sativa L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A number of nutritional problems have been reported for production of rice (Oryza sativa L.) on organic soils (Histosols). One of these, termed rice-seedling chlorosis, occurs when rice is drill-seeded into certain drained Histosols, and results in chlorotic, weakened seedlings that often die before or during imposition of the permanent flood. The condition can be predicted on the basis of soil testing and can be prevented by applying water-soluble Fe with the seed at planting. Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to determine the degree to which this problem can be corrected by the use of post-emergence foliarly applied Fe when the condition is not attended to at planting. It was determined that foliar application of Fe improved seedling growth, reduced seedling mortality, and increased rice grain production relative to no treatment. Nevertheless, prediction by the use of soil testing and prevention by application of Fe at seeding appears to be a more effective method for correcting seedling chlorosis than post-emergence foliar application of Fe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012257
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical differentiation between histiocytic and lymphoid neoplasms (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular histology 15 (1983), S. 621-635 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6865
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lysozyme has, until recently, been accepted as the only reliable immunohistochemical marker of benign and malignant histiocytes. Using this marker, very few lymphoreticular neoplasms of histiocytic origin are recognized and more recently α-1-anti-trypsin has been shown to be a better marker of malignant histiocytes. By immunizing rabbits with highly purified human blood monocytes we have obtained an antiserum (S22) which stains histiocytes and neutrophils in paraffin sections with a high degree of specificity. Using this antiserum and antisera to lysozyme and α-1-anti-trypsin we have stained paraffin sections of tissues containing reactive histiocytes, histiocytic proliferations, leukaemic infiltrates and lymphoreticular tumours of histiocytic and T-cell origin. Our results show that α-1-anti-trypsin is the most reliable marker of malignant histiocytes but that the as yet uncharacterized antigen defined by S22 may offer a promising alternative.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01002984
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The immunological consequences of a high intake of soya-bean protein in man (1983)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 32 (1983), S. 19-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: soya bean ; protein ; immunology ; antibodies ; carbohydrate ; fat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fifty-three volunteers undertook to consume at least four meals per week based on soya-bean textured vegetable protein (TVP) for 42 days. Changes in dietary habits were assessed and there were no changes in the distribution of energy between fat, carbohydrate and protein. Plasma total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and plasma triglycerides were significantly increased during the experiment (P〈0.001). There were no significant changes in soya-specific antibodies (immunoglobulins G, A or M) or in total serum immune complexes in the group as a whole. There was no relationship between the intakes of either milk protein or soya-bean protein and their corresponding antibodies, irrespective of immunoglobulin class. It is concluded that, for most human subjects, there are no apparent immunological consequences of consuming a high intake of soya-bean protein. However, the plasma of a minority of the volunteers showed a marked increase in soya antibodies of some or all classes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01093926
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Smoke generators. I. The Ignition of Pyrotechnic White Smoke compositions containing hexachloroethane and silumin by means of an electrically heated coil (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 7 (1982), S. 12-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ignition by electrically heated coil of two smoke generators containing hexachloroethane and silumin, one of which also contains zinc oxide, has been investigated. The physical conditions of consolidation, that is pressing load (between 7.9 × 106 kg/m2 and 3.1 × 107 kg/m2) and diameter of container (between 1.27 cm and 2.54 cm), have been shown to have no effect on the ease of ignition of each mixture. Addition of zinc oxide increases the minimum temperature of ignition from about 443 K to about 973 K and the minimum heating rate for ignition from about 2.5 watt to about 8 watt. The effect of zinc oxide is believed to be chemical rather than physical in nature.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19820070105
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