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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of temperature on ATPase activity and force generation in skinned muscle fibers from the Pacific blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1532-1533 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Marlin ; muscle ; mechanics ; ATPase activity ; temperature ; skinned fibers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary ATPase activity and force generation have been measured simultaneously in isolated, demembranated muscle fibers of the Pacific blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) between 0 and 30°C. Tension generation is relatively independent of temperature above 15°C and falls with a Q10 of 〈1.5 on decreasing the temperature to 0°C. In contrast, the Q10 for ATPase activity is 2.2 over the range 0–30°C. The results are interpreted in terms of the cross bridge theory of contraction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01964791
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature and metabolic rate in sedentary fish from the Antarctic, North Sea and Indo-West Pacific Ocean (1991)
    Springer
    Marine biology 109 (1991), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Resting metabolic rate $$(\dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } )$$ was measured in demersal stages of the teleostNotothenia neglecta Nybelin from the South Orkney Islands, Antarctica, from 1985 to 1987. The relationship between $$\dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } $$ and body mass (Mb) conformed to the general relationship $$\dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } = aMb^b $$ , wherea is a proportionality constant andb is the scaling exponent. $$\dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } $$ (mg O2 h−1) was found to scale toMb (0.82±0.011) in the summer (November to April, 1.6 to 1 850 g,n=56) and toMb (0.76±0.013) in the winter (May to October, 0.9 to 1 850 g,n=57) (values ofb are means ± SD). Although the scaling exponents were significantly different (P〈0.01), $$\dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } $$ was similar in the juvenile stages of summer- and winter-caught fish matched for body mass. The effects of activity on oxygen consumption was studied using a Brett respirometer. Adult stages had a factorial aerobic scope for activity $$(\dot V_{O_{2[max]} } :\dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } )$$ of 5.7, which is similar to that reported for demersal fish from temperate latitudes. The effects of temperature on resting metabolism was investigated in fish with similar sedentary lifestyles from the North Sea (Agonus cataphractus andMyoxocephalus scorpius) and the Indo-West Pacific (Paracirrhites forsteri, P. arcatus, Neocirrhites armatus andExallias brevis). Extrapolated values of $$\dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } $$ for the tropical species approached zero at 5 to 10°C. For a standard 50 g fish, $$\dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } $$ for the tropical species at 25°C was in the range 3.4 to 4.4 mg O2 h−1, compared with 1.3 mg O2 h−1 forNotothenia neglecta at its acclimation temperature. Thus, the maximum metabolic rate of sedentary tropical species at 24°C is likely to be 2 to 4 times higher than inN. neglecta at 0°C. This suggests that the energy available for sustained activity $$(\dot V_{O_{2[max]} } - \dot V_{O_{2[rest]} } )$$ is significantly lower in cold- than in warm-water fish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01319386
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellular organization in the marine demosponge Callyspongia diffusa (1982)
    Springer
    Marine biology 67 (1982), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fine-structural analysis of the tissues of the marine demosponge Callyspongia diffusa was carried out using scanning electron microscopu and ethanol cryofracture. Micrographic data reveal the pathway of water movement through the sponge, and allow accurate measurement of the dimensions of successive structural filters in the aquiferous system. Understanding the organization and cytoarchitecture of the normal tissues of this sponge provides a basis for comparison where histopathology is being investigated, e.g. in allograft rejection reactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397088
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feeding energetics and metabolism in demersal fish species from Antarctic, temperate and tropical environments (1993)
    Springer
    Marine biology 115 (1993), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The energetics of feeding has been investigated in demersal fish with similar sedentary lifestyles from the Antarctic (Notothenia neglecta Nybelin), North Sea (Myoxocephalus scorpius L.) and Indian Ocean (Cirrhitichys bleekeri Bleeker). In general, the metabolic rates of fasting individuals were positively correlated with adaptation temperature: values for a standard 100 g fish (mg O2/h) were 3.3 for N. neglecta at around 0 °C, 2.7 for winter-acclimatized M. scorpius at 5 °C, 4.3 for summer-acclimatized M. scorpius at 15 °C, and 7.0 for C. bleekeri at 25 °C. In all species, following a single satiating meal, oxygen consumption increased to a peak of 2 to 3.5 times the fasting values. Maximum rates of oxygen consumption after feeding were several-fold higher in the warm-than in the cold-water species. After controlling for the effects of body mass and energy intake by analysis of covariance, the duration of the increase in metabolic rate, referred to as “specific dynamic action” (SDA), was found to be 3 to 4 times shorter in the warm- than in the cold-water fish, ranging from 57 h in C. bleekeri to 208 h in N. neglecta. In contrast, the SDA was not significantly different in the various species, corresponding to 15 to 23% of the energy ingested. Seasonal influences on metabolism and feeding were also studied in N. neglecta acclimated to simulated winter (-1.0 to-0.5 °C; 3 h light:21 h dark) or summer (0 to 0.9 °C; 21 h light:3 h dark) conditions. The metabolic rates of fasting and fed individuals, and the characteristics of the SDA were found to be independent of acclimation conditions. This suggests that N. neglecta is capable of processing food at similar rates throughout the year. Energy stores and enzyme activities were measured in the swimming muscles and liver of fish fed ad libitum. Summer-acclimated fish had higher concentrations of liver triglyceride stores and elevated activities of some enzymes of intermediary metabolism relative to winter-acclimated fish. The observed changes in intermdiary metabolism are probably related to annual cycles of growth and reproduction. It is suggested that the low aerobic scope for physiological performance in Antarctic fish may necessitate the seasonal switching of energy allocation between growth and reproduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349380
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental changes in the composition of myofibrillar proteins in the swimming muscles of Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus (1993)
    Springer
    Marine biology 115 (1993), S. 15-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Changes in myofibrillar protein composition during development have been investigated in the swimming muscles of the Atlantic herring Clupea harengus L. using a range of electrophoretic techniques. The main muscle-fibre type of larvae, and the fast- and slow-muscle fibres of adult fish were found to contain distinct isoforms of myosin heavy chain (MHC) and myosin light chain 2 (LC2). Larval LC2 was present as a minor component of adult fast-muscle myosin. In contrast, larval and adult fast-muscle myosin appeared to contain identical alkali light chains. Tropomyosin and troponin C were also identical in larval and in adult fast-muscle. All three muscle-fibre types contained unique isoforms of troponin T (TNT) and troponin I (TNI). Larval muscle had multiple isoforms of TNT, some of which may correspond to embryonic forms. It was concluded that although the main muscle-fibre type in larvae shares some myofibrillar proteins with adult fast muscle, it also contains characteristic isoforms of MHC, TNI, TNT and LC2 and therefore represents a distinct fibre type. The particular combination of myofibrillar proteins present at any developmental stage was found to be dependent on the rearing temperature. For example, a higher proportion of embryonic TNT isoforms were present at hatching in larvae reared at 5°C than at either 10 or 15°C. Over a period of 7 d, there was a gradual reduction in the number of TNT isoforms, but the pattern in 5°C larvae after 7 d still did not resemble that in 1 d-old larvae reared at 15°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349381
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scaling relationships, individual variation and the influence of temperature on maximum swimming speed in early settled stages of the turbot Scophthalmus maximus (1995)
    Springer
    Marine biology 121 (1995), S. 401-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Escape-swimming speeds (U max) were studied in settled turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) reared at 18°C. Metamorphosis was complete at 4.0 cm total length (TL). U max scaled in proportion to TL0.74 in fish of 0.88 5o 8.00 cm TL at 18▿C. The scaling relationship for U max was similar for temperatures between 13 and 23°C and could be fitted by the model: $$U_{\max } = 28.4 + 10.9\left( {\frac{{temp - 13}}{5}} \right) + 10.3{\text{ }}TL$$ . U max temperature-dependent, with a Q10 of 1.77 over the temperature range studied. Analysis of covariance showed that U max for farmed turbot was 14% lower than for wild fish filmed within 2 wk of capture; 3 mo after capture the average differences in escape performance were no longer significant, which suggests that the lower escape speeds of farmed fish are due to acclimation effects and not genetic stock differences. In order to assess the individual variability of U max, 18 wild juvenile turbot [TL=6.2±0.4 cm (Week 1) to 7.5±0.5 cm (Week 17); means±SD] were maintained in individual containers at 18°C. U max was determined weekly for 6 wk, standardised for fish length using the scaling relationship U max=1.46 TL 0.74, and individuals were ranked in order of performance. Temperature was reduced after 6 wk to 13°C, resulting in a significant decline in U max from 104.0±14.4 to 87.8±12.5 cm s-1 (means±SD). After 3 wk at 13°C U max had increased to a level not significantly different from that at 18°C. Kendall's coefficient of concordance showed that repeatability of ranking of the experimental U max of individuals was maintained over a 13 wk period and through temperature change. The results demonstrate that escape-swimming speeds in juvenile turbot are repeatable, individually variable, and can be modified in response to temperature acclination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349449
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature influences muscle differentiation and the relative timing of organogenesis in herring (Clupea harengus) larvae (1993)
    Springer
    Marine biology 116 (1993), S. 363-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eggs from spring spawning stocks of herring (Clupea harengus L.) were fertilized and reared at either 5, 8 or 12°C in 1991 and 1992. The differentiation of myotomal muscle fibres was investigated in relation to the development of other organs and tissues using light and electron microscopy. The gut, notochord, eyes and haemocoel appeared at the same relative point in development between fertilization and hatching at all temperatures. In contrast, the formation of the spinal cord, pronephros, pectoral fin buds and muscle fibres was relatively retarded at 5°C compared with 8 and 12°C. Myogenesis in the presumptive inner muscle mass occurred after 12 to 16 d at 5°C, 7 to 10 d at 8°C and 3.5 to 6 d at 12°C. Myoblasts aligned in orderly rows running from myosept to myosept prior to fusion to form myotubes. Actin and myosin filaments were synthesised throughout the cytoplasm in associated with presumptive Z-lines at the periphery of myotubes and immature muscle fibres. Differentiation of the superficial and inner muscle fibres types of larvae occurred at around the same time. Following this initial period of myogenesis, the number of myotomal muscle fibres remained constant until after hatching, so that increases in muscle bulk in the late embryo were entirely due to fibre hypertrophy. At hatching, the number of superficial muscle fibres present in myotomes just posterior to the yolk-sac was significantly less at 5°C (108±12) than at either 8°C (132±10) or 12°C (140±10) (mean±SD, 12 fish/temperature). In contrast, there were around 280 inner muscle fibres/myotome, comprising 90% of the trunk cross-sectional area, at all three temperatures. Myofibrillargenesis occurred relatively slowly at low temperatures, so that the volume density of myofibrils in the inner muscle fibres of larvae at hatching was significantly less at 5°C (39.2±9.0) than at either 8°C (49.6±8.8) or 12°C (50.2±9.8) (mean ±SD, 20 fibres/temperature from total of 5 fish). Undifferentiated myoblasts remained at hatching to form a population of presumptive myosatellite cells. The number of presumptive myosatellite cells per mm2 cross-sectional area of muscle fibre was more than two times higher at 8°C (1493±335) than at either 5°C (478±102) or 12°C (924±233) (mean±SD, 5 fish/temperature). The results suggest that temperature can influence the commitment of myoblasts to differentiation at a critical stage in embryogenesis, thereby providing a potential mechanism for influencing future growth characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350053
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature and development in larvae of the turbot Scophthalmus maximus (1995)
    Springer
    Marine biology 124 (1995), S. 17-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) were reared at 12 and 16°C until 26 d after hatching. At both temperatures, starting at the neural plate stage, somites were initially formed every 75 min. Expressed as a percentage of development time (DT, fertilisation to 90% larvae hatching) somite formation occurred relatively earlier during embryogenesis at 12°C (45% DT) than at 16°C (55% DT). At 12°C, after the 32-somite stage the rate of somite formation decreased to one every 300 min. The larvae hatched after 6 d at 12°C and 3 d at 16°C at a relatively primitive stage of development, prior to the opening of the mouth and anus, with unpigmented eyes, and a straight gut. Temperature altered the relative timing of organogenesis in the larval stages. At 12°C, the following characters appeared (in this order): swimbladder〉loop in the gut (at the time of yolk exhaustion)〉caudal fin. In contrast, at 16°C, the caudal fin appeared at the same time as the loop in the gut. At 16°C, spines formed on the head in the region of the otic capsule at the time the swimbladder formed and the yolk was exhausted, but were absent in 12°C larvae. At both temperatures, in 1 d-old larvae the myotomes just behind the yolk-sac contained ∼ 200 inner muscle fibres (presumptive white muscle). The initial growth of inner muscle was largely due to hypertrophy, but by 26 d at 12°C and 11 d at 16°C hyperplastic growth became important, as evidenced by a significant increase in the number of small fibres (〈10 μm2). By 26 d the average number of inner muscle fibres had increased to 341 at 12°C and 988 at 16°C. New muscle fibres were added in distinct germinal zones at the dorsal and ventral apices of the myotomes. Metamorphosis was associated with a thickening of the superficial (presumptive red) muscle layer and the appearance of tonic muscle fibres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349142
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Capillary supply and mitochondrial volume density in the axial muscles of the mesopelagic teleost Argyropelecus hemigymnus (1982)
    Springer
    Marine biology 69 (1982), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative measurements have been made on the ultra-structure and capillary supply to the axial muscles of the mesopelagic hatchet fish Argyropelecus hemigymnus (Cocco, 1829). Fish were collected at Eastern North Atlantic Ocean Station 10244, 32°48′N; 31°15′W during November 1980, from a depth of 480 to 550 m. Mitochondria with densely packed cristae occupy 44.3% of slow-fibre volume. Each myofibril is in direct contact with a mitochondrion. Compared with other fishes studied, the capillary supply to A. hemigymnus slow fibres is poorly developed. The average number of capillaries per fibre is 0.9, such that each μm of capillary contact supplies 0.011 μm2 of fibre cross-sectional area. The capillary surface area (μm2) supplying 1 μm3 of slow-fibre mitochondria is 0.17 in anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus), 0.14 in rat-fish (Chimaera monstrosa), 0.14 in tench (Tinca tinca), 0.16 in catfish (Clarias mossambica), and only 0.025 for A. hemigymnus. It is suggested that, relative to the former species, some modifications in factors determining tissue oxygenation (e.g. myoglobin concentrations, blood flow, perfusion distribution or haemoglobin) and/or mitochondrial respiration rate are required in order to match oxygen supply and demand to the slow muscle in A. hemigymnus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00396954
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of development and rearing temperature on the distribution, ultrastructure and myosin sub-unit composition of myotomal muscle-fibre types in the plaice Pleuronectes platessa (1993)
    Springer
    Marine biology 117 (1993), S. 501-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eggs of the plaice Pleuronectes platessa L. were incubated at temperatures of 5, 8, 10, 12 and 15°C in March 1990, 1991 and 1992. The myotomes of yolk-sac larvae contain a single superficial layer of small-diameter muscle fibres which stain intensely for succinic dehydrogenase activity, surrounding 390 to 500 weakly staining inner-muscle fibres of larger diameter. Larvae reared at 15°C only survived for a few days and had significantly more inner-muscle fibres of larger average cross-sectional area than those hatching at 5 to 10°C. Myofibrils occupied 61% of the volume of inner-muscle fibres in 15°C larvae compared with 35 and 36% in larvae hatching at 5 and 10°C, respectively (P(0.01). Following metamorphosis, which occurs between 7 and 10 wk, the myotomes retain the single layer of superficial-muscle fibres characteristic of larvae. A thickening of the superficial-muscle layer is first evident in 4 to 5 mo-old laboratory-reared fish of 20 mm total length (TL) and in 0-group fish caught in June and July. On the basis of the histochemical staining reactions for myofibrillar ATPase and succinic dehydrogenase activities, the myotomes of 1-group (104 mm TL) and adult (280 mm TL) plaice were found to contain a minimum of six distinct muscle-fibre types. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and peptide mapping were used to investigate changes in myosin subunit composition during development. Myosin from the inner muscle of larvae contains two isoforms of the phosphorylatable light-chain 2 (LC2L1 and LC2L2). Following metamorphosis and during the first year, inner-muscle fibres co-express LC2 isoforms characteristic of the superficial fast-muscle fibres of adult plaice (LC2F1 and LC2F2) in addition to the larval isoforms. Fast-muscle fibres isolated from deep layers of the myotomes in adult plaice only contain LC2F2. In contrast, myosin from larval muscle and adult fast muscle contain apparently identical alkali light chains (LC1 and LC3). Peptide maps of myosin heavy chains (MHCs) from 6 wk-old larvae and 10 wk-old fish that had completed metamorphosis are similar, but distinct from those of 1-group plaice. Further changes in white-muscle MHC composition are evident between 1-group fish of 104 mm TL and adults of 280 mm TL.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349326
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