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Rising CO2 and increased light exposure synergistically reduce marine primary productivity (2012)

Gao, Kunshan ; Xu, Juntian ; Gao, Guang ; [et al.]

PANGAEA

In: Supplement to: Gao, Kunshan; Xu, Juntian; Gao, Guang; Li, Yahe; Hutchins, David A; Huang, Bangqin; Wang, Lei; Zheng, Ying; Jin, Peng; Cai, Xiaoni; Häder, Donat-Peter; Li, Wei; Xu, Kai; Liu, Nana; Riebesell, Ulf (2012): Rising CO2 and increased light exposure synergistically reduce marine primary productivity. Nature Climate Change, 2, 519–523, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1507

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Publication Date: 2024-03-15

Description: Carbon dioxide and light are two major prerequisites of photosynthesis. Rising CO2 levels in oceanic surface waters in combination with ample light supply are therefore often considered stimulatory to marine primary production. Here we show that the combination of an increase in both CO2 and light exposure negatively impacts photosynthesis and growth of marine primary producers. When exposed to CO2 concentrations projected for the end of this century, natural phytoplankton assemblages of the South China Sea responded with decreased primary production and increased light stress at light intensities representative of the upper surface layer. The phytoplankton community shifted away from diatoms, the dominant phytoplankton group during our field campaigns. To examine the underlying mechanisms of the observed responses, we grew diatoms at different CO2 concentrations and under varying levels (5-100%) of solar radiation experienced by the phytoplankton at different depths of the euphotic zone. Above 22-36% of incident surface irradiance, growth rates in the high-CO2-grown cells were inversely related to light levels and exhibited reduced thresholds at which light becomes inhibitory. Future shoaling of upper-mixed-layer depths will expose phytoplankton to increased mean light intensities. In combination with rising CO2 levels, this may cause a widespread decline in marine primary production and a community shift away from diatoms, the main algal group that supports higher trophic levels and carbon export in the ocean.

Keywords: A4_SCS; Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Aragonite saturation state; Bicarbonate ion; Bicarbonate ion, standard deviation; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); C3_SCS; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate ion, standard deviation; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Chlorophyll a; Chromista; Coast and continental shelf; DATE/TIME; Duration; E606_SCS; East China Sea; Entire community; Event label; Figure; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Growth/Morphology; Growth rate; Growth rate, standard deviation; In situ sampler; Irradiance; Irradiance, standard deviation; ISS; Laboratory experiment; LE04_SCS; Light; Non photochemical quenching; Non photochemical quenching, standard deviation; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Ochrophyta; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Pelagos; pH; pH, standard deviation; Phaeodactylum tricornutum; Phosphate; Phytoplankton; PN07_ECS; Potentiometric; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Primary production of carbon; Primary production of carbon, per chlorophyll a; Primary production of carbon, per volume of seawater; Primary production of carbon, standard deviation; Salinity; Season; SEATS_SCS; Single species; Skeletonema costatum; South China Sea; Species; Temperate; Temperature, water; Thalassiosira pseudonana; Time of day; Treatment; Tropical; Yield ratio

Type: Dataset

Format: text/tab-separated-values, 17109 data points

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Seawater carbonate chemistry and photosynthesis of a coccolithophorid in a laboratory experiment (2013)

Jin, Peng ; Gao, Kunshan ; Villafañe, Virginia E ; [et al.]

PANGAEA

In: Supplement to: Jin, Peng; Gao, Kunshan; Villafañe, Virginia E; Campbell, Douglas A; Helbling, E Walter (2013): Ocean Acidification Alters the Photosynthetic Responses of a Coccolithophorid to Fluctuating Ultraviolet and Visible Radiation. Plant Physiology, 162(4), 2084-2094, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.113.219543

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Publication Date: 2024-03-15

Description: Mixing of seawater subjects phytoplankton to fluctuations in photosynthetically active radiation (400-700 nm) and ultraviolet radiation (UVR; 280-400 nm). These irradiance fluctuations are now superimposed upon ocean acidification and thinning of the upper mixing layer through stratification, which alters mixing regimes. Therefore, we examined the photosynthetic carbon fixation and photochemical performance of a coccolithophore, Gephyrocapsa oceanica, grown under high, future (1,000 µatm) and low, current (390 µatm) CO2 levels, under regimes of fluctuating irradiances with or without UVR. Under both CO2 levels, fluctuating irradiances, as compared with constant irradiance, led to lower nonphotochemical quenching and less UVR-induced inhibition of carbon fixation and photosystem II electron transport. The cells grown under high CO2 showed a lower photosynthetic carbon fixation rate but lower nonphotochemical quenching and less ultraviolet B (280-315 nm)-induced inhibition. Ultraviolet A (315-400 nm) led to less enhancement of the photosynthetic carbon fixation in the high-CO2-grown cells under fluctuating irradiance. Our data suggest that ocean acidification and fast mixing or fluctuation of solar radiation will act synergistically to lower carbon fixation by G. oceanica, although ocean acidification may decrease ultraviolet B-related photochemical inhibition.

Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Aragonite saturation state; Bicarbonate ion; Bicarbonate ion, standard deviation; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate ion, standard deviation; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Chromista; Description; Effective absorbance cross-section of photosystem II; Electron transport, absolute, cumulative; Electron transport rate, absolute; Experiment; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Gephyrocapsa oceanica; Haptophyta; Identification; Irradiance; Laboratory experiment; Laboratory strains; Light; Light absorption by phytoplankton per chlorophyll a; Non photochemical quenching; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Pelagos; Percentage; pH; pH, standard deviation; Phytoplankton; Potentiometric; Primary production; Primary production, cumulative; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Primary production of carbon; Replicates; Salinity; Single species; Species; Temperature, water; Time in minutes; Treatment; Ultraviolet radiation-induced inhibition of photosynthesis; Wavelength

Type: Dataset

Format: text/tab-separated-values, 138064 data points

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Ocean acidification increases the accumulation of toxic phenolic compounds across trophic levels (2015)

Jin, Peng ; Wang, Tifeng ; Liu, Nana ; [et al.]

PANGAEA

In: Supplement to: Jin, Peng; Wang, Tifeng; Liu, Nana; Dupont, Sam; Beardall, John; Boyd, Philip W; Riebesell, Ulf; Gao, Kunshan (2015): Ocean acidification increases the accumulation of toxic phenolic compounds across trophic levels. Nature Communications, 6, 8714, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9714

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Publication Date: 2024-03-15

Description: Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification (OA), altering carbonate chemistry with consequences for marine organisms. Here we show that OA increases by 46-212% the production of phenolic compounds in phytoplankton grown under the elevated CO2 concentrations projected for the end of this century, compared with the ambient CO2 level. At the same time, mitochondrial respiration rate is enhanced under elevated CO2 concentrations by 130-160% in a single species or mixed phytoplankton assemblage. When fed with phytoplankton cells grown under OA, zooplankton assemblages have significantly higher phenolic compound content, by about 28-48%. The functional consequences of the increased accumulation of toxic phenolic compounds in primary and secondary producers have the potential to have profound consequences for marine ecosystem and seafood quality, with the possibility that fishery industries could be influenced as a result of progressive ocean changes.

Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Aragonite saturation state; Bicarbonate ion; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Chromista; Emiliania huxleyi; EXP; Experiment; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Haptophyta; Immunology/Self-protection; Laboratory experiment; Laboratory strains; Mesocosm or benthocosm; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Pelagos; pH; Phenolics, all; Phenolics, all, per individual; Phytoplankton; Potentiometric; Registration number of species; Replicate; Respiration; Respiration rate, oxygen, per cell; Salinity; Single species; Species; Temperature, water; Treatment; Type; Uniform resource locator/link to reference; Wuyuan_Bay

Type: Dataset

Format: text/tab-separated-values, 1434 data points

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Reduced resilience of a globally distributed coccolithophore to ocean acidification: Confirmed up to 2000 generations (2016)

Jin, Peng ; Gao, Kunshan

PANGAEA

In: Supplement to: Jin, Peng; Gao, Kunshan (2016): Reduced resilience of a globally distributed coccolithophore to ocean acidification: Confirmed up to 2000 generations. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 103(1-2), 101-108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.12.039

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Publication Date: 2024-03-15

Description: Ocean acidification (OA), induced by rapid anthropogenic CO2 rise and its dissolution in seawater, is known to have consequences for marine organisms. However, knowledge on the evolutionary responses of phytoplankton to OA has been poorly studied. Here we examined the coccolithophore Gephyrocapsa oceanica, while growing it for 2000 generations under ambient and elevated CO2 levels. While OA stimulated growth in the earlier selection period (from generations 700 to 1550), it reduced it in the later selection period up to 2000 generations. Similarly, stimulated production of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen reduced with increasing selection period and decreased under OA up to 2000 generations. The specific adaptation of growth to OA disappeared in generations 1700 to 2000 when compared with that at 1000 generations. Both phenotypic plasticity and fitness decreased within selection time, suggesting that the species' resilience to OA decreased after 2000 generations under high CO2 selection.

Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Aragonite saturation state; Bicarbonate, standard deviation; Bicarbonate ion; Biomass/Abundance/Elemental composition; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbon, organic, particulate, per cell; Carbon/Nitrogen ratio; Carbonate ion; Carbonate ion, standard deviation; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Chromista; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Generation; Gephyrocapsa oceanica; Growth/Morphology; Growth rate; Haptophyta; Incubation duration; Laboratory experiment; Laboratory strains; Nitrogen, organic, particulate, per cell; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Particulate organic carbon production per cell; Pelagos; pH; pH, standard deviation; Phytoplankton; Plasticity; Potentiometric; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Production of particulate organic nitrogen; Registration number of species; Response, direct; Responses, correlated; Salinity; Single species; Species; Temperature, water; Treatment; Type; Uniform resource locator/link to reference

Type: Dataset

Format: text/tab-separated-values, 25329 data points

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Seawater carbonate chemistry and phytoplankton primary production, and its trophic transfer to zooplankton in a subtropical eutrophic water (Wuyuan Bay, China) (2019)

Wang, Tifeng ; Jin, Peng ; Wells, Mark L ; [et al.]

PANGAEA

In: Supplement to: Wang, Tifeng; Jin, Peng; Wells, Mark L; Trick, Charles G; Gao, Kunshan (2019): Insensitivities of a subtropical productive coastal plankton community and trophic transfer to ocean acidification: Results from a microcosm study. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 141, 462-471, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.002

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Publication Date: 2024-03-15

Description: Ocean acidification (OA) has potential to affect marine phytoplankton in ways that are partly understood, but there is less knowledge about how it may alter the coupling to secondary producers. We investigated the effects of OA on phytoplankton primary production, and its trophic transfer to zooplankton in a subtropical eutrophic water (Wuyuan Bay, China) under present day (400 μatm) and projected end-of-century (1000 μatm) pCO2 levels. Net primary production was unaffected, although OA did lead to small decreases in growth rates. OA had no measurable effect on micro-/mesozooplankton grazing rates. Elevated pCO2 had no effect on phytoplankton fatty acid (FA) concentrations during exponential phase, but saturated FAs increased relative to the control during declining phase. FA profiles of mesozooplankton were unaffected. Our findings show that short-term exposure of plankton communities in eutrophic subtropical waters to projected end-of-century OA conditions has little effect on primary productivity and trophic linkage to mesozooplankton.

Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Aragonite saturation state; Behaviour; Bicarbonate ion; Biomass/Abundance/Elemental composition; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Chlorophyll a; Coast and continental shelf; Community composition and diversity; Consumption; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or 〈 1 m**2); Docosahexaenoic acid per chlorophyll a; Eicosapentaenoic acid per chlorophyll a; Entire community; EXP; Experiment; Experiment duration; Fatty acid composition; Fatty acid composition, standard deviation; Fatty acid per dry mass; Fatty acid per dry mass, standard deviation; Field experiment; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Grazing rate; Growth/Morphology; Growth rate; Monounsaturated fatty acids per chlorophyll a; Name; Net primary production of carbon per chlorophyll a; Nitrate; Nitrate, standard deviation; Nitrite; Nitrite, standard deviation; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Pelagos; Percentage; pH; Phosphate; Phosphate, standard deviation; Polyunsaturated fatty acids per chlorophyll a; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Salinity; Saturated fatty acids per chlorophyll a; Silicate; Silicate, standard deviation; Temperate; Temperature, water; Total fatty acids per chlorophyll a; Treatment; Type; Wuyuan_Bay

Type: Dataset

Format: text/tab-separated-values, 1148 data points

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The acclimation process of phytoplankton biomass, carbon fixation and respiration to the combined effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 in the northern South China Sea (2017)

Gao, Guang ; Jin, Peng ; Liu, Nana ; [et al.]

PANGAEA

In: Supplement to: Gao, Guang; Jin, Peng; Liu, Nana; Li, Futian; Tong, Shanying; Hutchins, David A; Gao, Kunshan (2017): The acclimation process of phytoplankton biomass, carbon fixation and respiration to the combined effects of elevated temperature and p CO 2 in the northern South China Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 118(1-2), 213-220, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.063

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Publication Date: 2024-03-15

Description: We conducted shipboard microcosm experiments at both off-shore (SEATS) and near-shore (D001) stations in the northern South China Sea (NSCS) under three treatments, low temperature and low pCO2 (LTLC), high temperature and low pCO2 (HTLC), and high temperature and high pCO2 (HTHC). Biomass of phytoplankton at both stations were enhanced by HT. HTHC did not affect phytoplankton biomass at station D001 but decreased it at station SEATS. HT alone increased net primary productivity by 234% at station SEATS and by 67% at station D001 but the stimulating effect disappeared when HC was combined. HT also increased respiration rate by 236% at station SEATS and by 87% at station D001 whereas HTHC reduced it by 61% at station SEATS and did not affect it at station D001. Overall, our findings indicate that the positive effect of ocean warming on phytoplankton assemblages in NSCS could be damped or offset by ocean acidification.

Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Aragonite saturation state; Bicarbonate ion; Bicarbonate ion, standard deviation; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate ion, standard deviation; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Chlorophyll a; Chlorophyll a, standard deviation; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or 〈 1 m**2); D001; Entire community; Event label; EXP; Experiment; Experiment duration; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Laboratory experiment; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Open ocean; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Pelagos; pH; pH, standard deviation; Potentiometric; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Primary production of carbon; Primary production of carbon, standard deviation; Primary production of carbon per chlorophyll a; Respiration; Respiration/net photosynthesis ratio; Respiration/net photosynthesis ratio, standard deviation; Respiration rate, carbon; Respiration rate, carbon, per chlorophyll a; Respiration rate, carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Salinity; SEATS; Station label; Temperature; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard deviation; Treatment; Tropical; Type

Type: Dataset

Format: text/tab-separated-values, 316 data points

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Seawater carbonate chemistry and response mechanism of harmful algae Phaeocystis globosa to ocean warming and acidification (2023)

Liang, Dayong ; Xiang, Hua ; Jin, Peng ; [et al.]

PANGAEA

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Publication Date: 2024-03-15

Description: Simultaneous ocean warming and acidification will alter marine ecosystem structure and directly affect marine organisms. The alga Phaeocystis globosa commonly causes harmful algal blooms in coastal areas of eastern China. P. globosa often outcompetes other species due to its heterotypic life cycle, primarily including colonies and various types of solitary cells. However, little is known about the adaptive response of P. globosa to ocean warming and acidification. This study aimed to reveal the global molecular regulatory networks implicated in the response of P. globosa to simultaneous warming and acidification. After exposure to warming and acidification, the phosphatidylinositol (PI) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways of P. globosa were activated to regulate other molecular pathways in the cell, while the light harvesting complex (LHC) genes were downregulated to decrease photosynthesis. Exposure to warming and acidification also altered the intracellular energy flow, with more energy allocated to the TCA cycle rather than to the biosynthesis of fatty acids and hemolytic substances. The upregulation of genes associated with glycosaminoglycan (GAG) degradation prevented the accumulation of polysaccharides, which led to a reduction in colony formation. Finally, the upregulation of the Mre11 and Rad50 genes in response to warming and acidification implied an increase in meiosis, which may be used by P. globosa to increase the number of solitary cells. The increase in genetic diversity through sexual reproduction may be a strategy of P. globosa that supports rapid response to complex environments. Thus, the life cycle of P. globosa underwent a transition from colonies to solitary cells in response to warming and acidification, suggesting that this species may be able to rapidly adapt to future climate changes through life cycle transitions.

Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Aragonite saturation state; Bicarbonate ion; Bicarbonate ion, standard deviation; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcite saturation state; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate ion, standard deviation; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Category; Cell density; Cell density, standard deviation; Chlorophyll a; Chlorophyll a, standard deviation; Chromista; Coast and continental shelf; Colony abundance; Colony abundance, standard deviation; Coulometric titration; Day of experiment; Diameter; Electron transport rate, relative; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Haptophyta; Initial slope of rapid light curve; Irradiance; Laboratory experiment; Light saturation point; Maximal electron transport rate, relative; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Other studied parameter or process; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Pelagos; pH; pH, standard deviation; Phaeocystis globosa; Phytoplankton; Polysaccharides; Polysaccharides, standard deviation; Potentiometric; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Reproduction; Salinity; Single species; Species, unique identification; Temperature; Temperature, water; Treatment; Tropical; Type of study

Type: Dataset

Format: text/tab-separated-values, 26670 data points

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8

Electronic Resource

Theoretical analysis and experimental study of Fourier transformation of Franz–Keldysh oscillations in GaAs (2000)

Jin, Peng ; Pan, S. H.

[S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)

Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 6429-6435

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ISSN: 1089-7550

Source: AIP Digital Archive

Topics: Physics

Notes: Fourier transformation (FT) has been used in the theoretical line shape analysis of Franz–Keldysh oscillations (FKOs) in detail by numerical simulations. FKOs from the surface-intrinsic-n+ GaAs structure were obtained in photoreflectance (PR) measurements with various modulation light intensities and with different strengths of bias light illumination, which were used to change the static electric field in the intrinsic layer of the sample. The FT spectra of the PR spectra, including the real part, imaginary part, and the modulus, were very consistent with the theoretical line shapes. The ratio of the square root of the reduced mass (μL/μH) and the ratio of transition strength of the electron heavy hole to the electron light hole were obtained from the FT spectra. In addition, the electric field in the intrinsic layer of the sample without and with bias illumination and the modulation field induced by photomodulation were also obtained. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1319330

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Independent role for presynaptic FMRP revealed by an FMR1 missense mutation associated with intellectual disability and seizures (2015)

Myrick, Leila K. ; Deng, Pan-Yue ; Hashimoto, Hideharu ; [et al.]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2015; 112(4): 949-956. Published 2015 Jan 05. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1423094112.

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Publication Date: 2015-01-05

Description: Fragile X syndrome (FXS) results in intellectual disability (ID) most often caused by silencing of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. The resulting absence of fragile X mental retardation protein 1 (FMRP) leads to both pre- and postsynaptic defects, yet whether the pre- and postsynaptic functions of FMRP are independent and have distinct roles in FXS neuropathology remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate an independent presynaptic function for FMRP through the study of an ID patient with an FMR1 missense mutation. This mutation, c.413G 〉 A (R138Q), preserves FMRP’s canonical functions in RNA binding and translational regulation, which are traditionally associated with postsynaptic compartments. However, neuronally driven expression of the mutant FMRP is unable to rescue structural defects at the neuromuscular junction in fragile x mental retardation 1 (dfmr1)-deficient Drosophila, suggesting a presynaptic-specific impairment. Furthermore, mutant FMRP loses the ability to rescue presynaptic action potential (AP) broadening in Fmr1 KO mice. The R138Q mutation also disrupts FMRP’s interaction with the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels that modulate AP width. These results reveal a presynaptic- and translation-independent function of FMRP that is linked to a specific subset of FXS phenotypes.

Print ISSN: 0027-8424

Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490

Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General