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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 432 (2004), S. 888-892 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] To understand the climate dynamics of the warm, equable greenhouse world of the Late Cretaceous period, it is important to determine polar palaeotemperatures. The early palaeoceanographic history of the Arctic Ocean has, however, remained largely unknown, because the sea floor and underlying ...
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In the Jurassic period, the Early Toarcian oceanic anoxic event (about 183 million years ago) is associated with exceptionally high rates of organic-carbon burial, high palaeotemperatures and significant mass extinction. Heavy carbon-isotope compositions in rocks and fossils of this age ...
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Sedimentology 33 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Detailed sampling and analysis of Jurassic pelagic limestones and marls from Italy, Hungary and Switzerland have enabled construction of an isotope stratigraphy across the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary with resolution to the zonal level. The oxygen-isotope record is unremarkable. The carbon isotopes, however, show two positive excursions: one, relatively minor, during the Pliensbachian, margaritatus Zone, subnodosus Subzone, the other, more major, during the Toarcian. early falciferum Zone, where a maximum δ13C value of 4·52%PDB is attained. These intervals are known to be favoured periods of organic-rich sedimentation in diverse parts of the globe and the isotopic excursions are interpreted as a response to abnormally high rates of storage of organic carbon in the sedimentary record. A comparable phenomenon has been documented from the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in the Cretaceous where it has been referred to the influence of an ‘Oceanic Anoxic Event’.Some Italian sections spanning this Lower Jurassic interval contain organic-rich shales in the falciferum Zone; the isotopic signatures from their included, locally manganiferous carbonate betray a considerable diagenetic overprint and they cannot therefore be incorporated in a composite isotopic curve. Carbon isotopes from the organic carbon itself are extremely negative, falling to –33δPDB and, in one section examined in detail, correlate with the calcium-carbonate content of the shales; they may reflect a partial change to a non-calcified planktonic biota during deposition of this lime-poor interval, possibly responding to upwelling and increased fertility of near-surface waters. The onset of upwelling may have been as early as spinatum-tenuicostatum Zone time, that is, at the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Sedimentology 18 (1972), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Large discoid (1–30 cm), carbonate-rich limonitic concretions or “snuff-boxes” are contained in stratigraphically condensed limestones from the Jurassic of southern England and parts of Europe. Their general association with conglomerates and algal stromatolites suggests formation in turbulent shallow water on submarine swells, or a shallow marginal shelf. The surprisingly uniform growth-form of the “snuff-boxes”, together with their gradation into obvious calcareous oncolites and stromatolites, is taken as evidence that they too may have been formed, at least partially, under algal influence.The geochemistry of the concretions, dominantly ferruginous, with subordinate phosphate, suggests deposition in an epicontinental environment, probably under the influence of considerable river drainage. They therefore contrast with the more trace-element rich ferromanganese nodules which occur in some condensed pelagic sequences.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Sedimentology 22 (1975), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Over part of south-central England the widespread shallow-water carbonate sedimentation represented by the White Limestone Formation (Great Oolite Group: Middle Jurassic), culminated locally with the formation of a sun-cracked, stromatolitic micrite indicating a supratidal environment. The emergent area can be mapped as a broad strip running at an angle to, and offshore from, the coast-line of the ancient Anglo-Belgian landmass. As a result of the emergence of this carbonate area a polarization of environments occurred. To the north-east a series of clay-rich sediments containing lignite and a brackish and fresh-water fauna were laid down: a lagoonal environment is indicated. To the south-west fully marine shelf carbonates continued to be deposited. We suggest that isolation of the northerly area of reduced salinity from the open sea was due directly to emergence of this carbonate area, which can thus be specifically interpreted as an island barrier or spit.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Sections through Lower Jurassic epicontinental carbonates from Southern Britain (Junction Bed and equivalent) show a positive carbon-isotope excursion (δ13Ccarbonate), detectable in bulk rock, in the falciferum Zone of the lower Toarcian. Isotopic data from organic matter in more clay-rich sections from Wales and north-east England, together with determinations on belemnite calcite, indicate that highest δ13C values are localized in the upper exaratum Subzone of the falciferum Zone. Levels of particular enrichment in organic carbon were developed in the early to mid-exaratum Subzone and hence pre-date this δ13C maximum. These phenomena reflect the impact of the early Toarcian oceanic anoxic event in the British area. Similar isotopic trends have been recorded in other Toarcian sections from Tethyan Europe and are interpreted as reflecting the chemistry of sea water. On the assumption of isotopic correlation between the English and Tethyan sections, the δ13C maximum would be everywhere dated as latest exaratum Subzone in terms of the north European ammonite scheme.Absolute oxygen-isotope values in carbonates probably reflect both early diagenetic cementation and later temperature-related burial diagenesis, although a palaeotemperature maximum is tentatively identified as characterizing the early falciferum Zone. Subsequent climatic deterioration may have been triggered by drawdown of CO2, related to regional excess carbon burial during the oceanic anoxic event. Using the positive δ13C excursion as a correlative level in sections from different faunal provinces (Britain, Italy and Spain) implies that lower Toarcian zonal stratigraphy is diachronous between northern and southern Europe. There is evidence for partitioning of water masses between the north European shelf and the Tethyan continental margin during the Early Jurassic.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1365-3121
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Sequence-stratigraphic interpretation of mudrocks is often carried out using proxy indicators for grain size or by consideration of other aspects of lithology thought to relate to sea-level change, such as organic-matter content. An alternative stratigraphic analysis, based on direct estimation of quartz-silt content, was carried out on a major Late Jurassic mudrock (and oil source rock), the Kimmeridge Clay Formation of the Wessex Basin, Dorset, UK. The new data, generated by backscatter SEM, X-ray and image analysis, show decametre-scale stratigraphic patterns that are incompatible with many previous sequence-stratigraphic interpretations based on gamma-ray logs or visual lithofacies and biofacies description. Correlation with a basin-margin section in the Boulonnais, northern France, indicates that silt-rich intervals in basinal facies are coeval, within the limits of biostratigraphic resolution, with shallow-water sand-rich packages on the margin. Variation in silt content in the Kimmeridge Clay therefore appears to be a record of relative sea-level change of at least regional extent. It is suggested that analysis of silt content offers the most reliable basis for generation of a regional sequence stratigraphy in basinal mudrocks. A revised relative sea-level curve for the Wessex Basin Kimmeridgian and early Tithonian is presented based on this premise.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Terra nova 8 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3121
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Studies on Cretaceous pelagic limestones have shown a close correspondence between putative sea-level curves and the carbon-isotope profile, suggesting a possible relationship between the two phenomena. Such a relationship could relate to shelf-sea area governing the global burial rate of organic carbon which, in turn, controls the 13C/12C ratio of dissolved inorganic carbon in the oceanic reservoir. In order to see whether or not this relationship might be of more general applicability, the major mid-Oxfordian (Jurassic) transgression is documented to zonal level and appropriate carbon-isotope data are presented. Although the applicability of ammonite zonation to the mid Oxfordian is problematic on a regional scale, a clear δ13C excursion is present in the trunsversariurn Zone, which is coincident with regional overstep and/or evidence of shoreline retreat and/or evidence of bathymetric deepening in Europe and elsewhere. The use of the carbon-isotope curve as a proxy for shelf-sea area or relative sea level is worthy of further exploration.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 60 (1971), S. 471-488 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Crinoidal limestones in the Tethyan Jurassic often occur capping reef or carbonate-platform successions, and these bioclastic deposits commonly exhibit a lensoid form. They may also occur in tectonic fissures or as turbidites in basinal sequences. Their age is commonly Liassic, though they may be younger. The crinoidal lenses are here interpreted as sand-waves formed on current-swept pelagic seamounts; and a parallel may be drawn with the Blake Plateau where partly lithified carbonate sand bodies, albeit composed of globigerines and pteropods, have recently been described. The Liassic was a time when many seamounts were formed by block-faulting of reefs and carbonate platforms, and this explains the widespread distribution of crinoidal deposits of this age. “Autochthonous” crinoidal calcarenites may characterise an early “shallow-water” phase of seamount evolution. The presence of kaolinite in many of the west Sicilian examples of this rock type is taken as suggesting the former presence of exposed and lateritised areas, “oceanic islands”, which may also have furnished a food supply for the crinoid gardens. The formation of nodular crinoidal limestones, which occur in some Tethyan localities, is attributed to diagenetic segregation of calcium carbonate.
    Abstract: Résumé Parmi les dépÔts jurassiques de la Tethys, des calcaires à CrinoÏdes reposent souvent directement sur des récifs ou sur des plateformes carbonatées. Dans la plupart des cas, il s'agit de dépots à extension lenticulaire. En outre, les sédiments bioclastiques sont déposés dans des fissures tectoniques ou ils sont intercalés comme turbidites dans les sequences sédimentaires des bassins. Le plus souvent, leur âge est liasique, plus rarement on les trouve dans des niveaux plus élevés. Les dépÔts lenticulaires à CrÏnoides sont interprétés ici comme des dunes sous-marines («sand-waves») qui se forment sur des plateaux plus ou moins profonds («seamounts») dans le domaine pélagique de la mer. Ils peuvent Être comparés avec des dépÔts actuels sur le Blake Plateau. On y a décrit récemment des sables carbonatés, en partie consolidés, formés par des coquilles de Globigérines et de Ptéropodes. Dans la région méditerranéenne, de nombreux plateaux sous-marins se sont formés pendant les temps liasiques où des récifs et des plateformes carbonatées ont été souvent morcelés par des failles. Ceci peut expliquer la fréquence des calcaires à CrinoÏdes pendant l'époque liasique. Des calcarenites à CrinoÏdes déposés sur place pourraient caractériser une première phase d'approfondissement modéré dans l'évolution des plateaux sous-marins. Dans de nombreux calcaires à CrinoÏdes liasiques de la Sicile occidentale, l'on trouve de la caolinite. On pourrait en déduire que des Îlots océaniques à sol latéritique émergaient dans le voisinage. Ils auraient pu fournir en mÊme temps le matériel organique nécessaire pour alimenter les prairies de CrinoÏdes. La génèse des nodules observés dans les calcaires à CrinoÏdes provenant de plusiers localités dans la Tethys pourrait Être expliquée par un déplacement du calcaire pendant les premières phases de la diagénèse.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Crinoiden-Kalke treten im Jura der Tethys oft im unmittelbar Hangenden von Riff-Komplexen oder Karbonat-Plattformen auf, wobei es sich meist um linsenförmige Gesteinskörper handelt. Außerdem treten diese bioklastischen Sedimente in tektonischen Spalten oder als Turbidite mit Becken-Sedimenten assoziiert auf. In den meisten Fällen sind die Crinoiden-Kalke liassischen Alters, zuweilen finden sie sich aber auch in jüngeren Schichtreihen. Wir möchten die hier beschriebenen Crinoiden-Kalklinsen als „sand-waves“ interpretieren, welche von Strömungen auf „seamounts“ in einem pelagischen Ablagerungsraum gebildet wurden. Sie lassen sich mit Ablagerung des Blake Plateau vergleichen, von wo teilweise lithifizierte Karbonatsande, welche allerdings von Globigerinen und Pteropoden aufgebaut werden, beschrieben wurden. Während des Lias entstanden viele „seamounts“ durch differentielle Absenkung der durch liassische Brüche zerstückelten Riff-Komplexe und Karbonat-Plattformen, und dies mag das gehäufte Auftreten von Crinoiden-Kalken im Lias erklären. „Autochthone“ Crinoiden-Kalkarenite scheinen deshalb für erste, relativ untiefe Absenkungsphasen von „seamounts“ charakteristisch zu sein. Kaolinit tritt in vielen liassischen Crinoiden-Kalken West-Siziliens auf, was für gleichzeitige Emersion und Lateritisierung begrenzter Gebiete, wahrscheinlich in der Form von „ozeanischen Inseln“ sprechen würde. Diese Gebiete hätten gleichzeitig organisches Material zur Ernährung der Crinoiden-Rasen geliefert. Knollige Crinoiden-Kalke, welche ebenfalls im Jura der Tethys vorkommen, werden durch frühdiagenetische Umlagerung von Calciumkarbonat erklärt.
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