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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High electric fields from industrial stack plumes (1976)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 264 (1976), S. 236-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Measurements were carried out from July 6 to July 10, 1976 of the vertical component of the electric field downwind of a 110-m chimney stack of a cement works at Eastgate, Co. Durham, using a series of conventional field mills1. Eastgate, 33 km W of Durham City, is sited in a broad valley, 235 m ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/264236a0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Defect dominated charge transport in amorphous Ta2O5 thin films (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 850-862 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ta2O5 is a candidate for use in metal–oxide–metal (MOM) capacitors in several areas of silicon device technology. Understanding and controlling leakage current is critical for successful implementation of this material. We have studied thermal and photoconductive charge transport processes in Ta2O5 MOM capacitors fabricated by anodization, reactive sputtering, and chemical vapor deposition. We find that the results from each of these three methods are similar if one compares films that have the same thickness and electrodes. Two types of leakage current are identified: (a) a transient current that charges the bulk states of the films and (b) a steady state activated process involving electron transport via a defect band. The transient process involves either tunneling conductivity into states near the Fermi energy or ion motion. The steady state process, seen most commonly in films 〈300 Å thick, is dominated by a large number of defects, ∼1019–1020 cm−3, located near the metal–oxide interfaces. The interior of thick Ta2O5 films has a substantially reduced number of defects. Modest heating (300–400 °C) of Ta2O5 in contact with a reactive metal electrode such as Al, Ti, or Ta results in interfacial reactions and the diffusion of defects across the thickness of the film. These experiments show that successful integration of Ta2O5 into semiconductor processing requires a better understanding of the impact of defects on the electrical characteristics and a better control of the metal–Ta2O5 interface. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.373747
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE USE OF ‘COMPARABILITY’ IN SALARY BARGAINING: THE EVIDENCE FROM BRITISH RAILWAYS, 1960–1968 (1972)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 24 (1972), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1972.tb00327.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tracer experiments with turbulently dispersed air ions (1983)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 26 (1983), S. 127-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Unipolar air ions released into the wind constitute a tracer which can be measured with high resolution. An ion source produces a cloud with homogeneous charge density, insensitive to source strength, dependent on time since formation only. It is well suited for tracing concentration changes due to turbulence, less suited for cloud size tracing. A tight array of 8 sensors has been used to examine turbulently dispersed ions. High-resolution records are presented and discussed. The highest concentrations measured could be undiluted source material. The frequency distribution within a plume did not differ from that in a multitude of puffs. The distribution seems to be log-normal with a geometric standard deviation of about 2.45. The time resolution used corresponds to volume resolutions of 40, 225, and 650 cm3. Sample size had no apparent effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00121538
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tabulated statistics for some ion dispersion experiments in turbulent air (1984)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 28 (1984), S. 89-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In July 1977 dispersion experiments with air ions as tracer were carried out at Porton in southern England. Each trial lasted about 40 min. The source height was 5 m. Continuous ion production took place in eight trials for source-sensor distances between 10 and 100m. Ion production in 1 s pulses took place in another four trials for source-sensor distances between 10 and 50 m. Two sensors were positioned at a height of 5 m and one sensor at 4 m. The experimental set-up and the weather conditions are described. Tabulated results comprise concentration frequency distributions, as well as auto- and cross-correlations, both for 0.01 and 0.1 s resolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00119458
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concentration fluctuation data from dispersion experiments carried out in stable and unstable conditions (1994)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 67 (1994), S. 41-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experiments have been carried out to investigate the dispersion of plumes at short range in the atmospheric boundary layer during stable and unstable conditions. The experiments and measurement system are described, and the results are compared with those of previous experiments. The slow meandering under stable conditions found by Mylne (1992) is not present here (probably because of topographic effects), so the plume is present on the mean centreline more often, and timescales are shorter, under stable conditions. Associated with this, statistics during stable conditions exhibit greater stability to changes in total sampling time. Intensity is found to be greater under unstable conditions, but there do not appear to be large differences in the shape of the probability density function between stable and unstable conditions. The intermittency is calculated using several variations on the conventional definition. The values obtained vary substantially according to which definition is used (although they are always higher in the stable than in the unstable experiments), demonstrating the sensitivity to both the precise definition and to measurement system characteristics. It is shown that even at very short range the mean and variance of concentration are determined almost entirely by the fluid not emanating from the source. Thus the partition between source and non-source fluid suggested by Chatwin and Sullivan (1989), while providing a more scientifically sound definition of intermittency, does not have an obvious direct practical application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705507
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimization of turbulence models by means of a logical search algorithm (1973)
    Springer
    Flow, turbulence and combustion 27 (1973), S. 321-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1987
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The momentum and turbulent kinetic energy equations are solved for a number of phenomenological closure approximations. The various methods are evaluated by comparison with several selected sets of experimental data. The empirical constants are determined such that the deviation between the experimental and theoretical values is minimized. The minimization process is carried out via a logical search algorithm which can also be applied to other problems in which the minimum or maximum value of a function of several variables is desired.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00382495
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring wood preference in termites (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 56 (1990), S. 117-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Rhinotermitidae ; termites ; Coptotermes formosanus ; wood density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les préférences alimentaires des termites xylophages ont été mesurées en comparant les différentes biomasses de bois prélevées, les pourcentages de bois consommé et l'importance des dégâts en fonction de catégories arbitrairement définies. Quand les caractéristiques des bois examinés différent, par exemple la densité, ces comparaisons ne sont plus possibles. Nous avons examiné les réactions de Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Iso., Rhinitermitidae) en présence de bois différant par leurs caractéristiques physiques, par compression du bois jusqu'à une densité dépassant de 40% la densité naturelle. Les termites consomment alors significativement moins en pourcentage, mais les biomasses consommées sont voisines de celles que l'on observe avec du bois du pin normal. Par contre, elles consomment significativement plus de biomasse, mais les mêmes pourcentages d'acajou compressé ou normal. Savoir quel critère doit être préférentiellement utilisé: le pourcentage ou la fraction de biomasse prélevé, dépend de la nature des facteurs de régulation de la taille du repas chez les termites. Si les termites consomment des repas de biomasse déterminée, alors la biomasse consommée est un bon critère: s'ils consomment un repas de volume déterminé, alors le pourcentage prélevé est un critère satisfaisant.
    Notes: Abstract Feeding preferences of xylophagous termites have been determined by comparing differences in wood biomass removed, percentage of wood consumed or degree of damage rated in arbitrary categories. When test woods differ in physical characteristics such as density, these measures are not comparable. We examined the response of the Formosan termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) to wood that differed in physical characteristics by compressing blocks to 40% greater than the natural density. Termites ate significantly greater percentages, but similar amounts of biomass, of uncompressed over compressed natural pine. In contrast, they ate significantly greater amounts of biomass, but similar percentages, of compressed over uncompressed mahogany. Whether percentage or amount of biomass removed should be used as a measure of preference depends on what regulates insect meal size. If termites consume meals of fixed biomass, then biomass consumed is the correct measure; percentage removed is appropriate if they consume meals of fixed volume.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00163453
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  • 9
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    The mechanisms of North Atlantic CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 uptake in a large Earth System Model ensemble (2015)
    In:  EPIC3Biogeosciences, 12(14), pp. 4497-4508, ISSN: 1726-4189
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-07
    Description: The oceans currently take up around a quarter of the carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by human activity. While stored in the ocean, this CO2 is not influencing Earth's radiation budget; the ocean CO2 sink therefore plays an important role in mitigating global warming. CO2 uptake by the oceans is heterogeneous, with the subpolar North Atlantic being the strongest CO2 sink region. Observations over the last 2 decades have indicated that CO2 uptake by the subpolar North Atlantic sink can vary rapidly. Given the importance of this sink and its apparent variability, it is critical that we understand the mechanisms behind its operation. Here we explore the combined natural and anthropogenic subpolar North Atlantic CO2 uptake across a large ensemble of Earth System Model simulations, and find that models show a peak in sink strength around the middle of the century after which CO2 uptake begins to decline. We identify different drivers of change on interannual and multidecadal timescales. Short-term variability appears to be driven by fluctuations in regional seawater temperature and alkalinity, whereas the longer-term evolution throughout the coming century is largely occurring through a counterintuitive response to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. At high atmospheric CO2 concentrations the contrasting Revelle factors between the low latitude water and the subpolar gyre, combined with the transport of surface waters from the low latitudes to the subpolar gyre, means that the subpolar CO2 uptake capacity is largely satisfied from its southern boundary rather than through air–sea CO2 flux. Our findings indicate that: (i) we can explain the mechanisms of subpolar North Atlantic CO2 uptake variability across a broad range of Earth System Models; (ii) a focus on understanding the mechanisms behind contemporary variability may not directly tell us about how the sink will change in the future; (iii) to identify long-term change in the North Atlantic CO2 sink we should focus observational resources on monitoring lower latitude as well as the subpolar seawater CO2; (iv) recent observations of a weakening subpolar North Atlantic CO2 sink may suggest that the sink strength has peaked and is in long-term decline.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
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    Diet of two icefish species from the South Shetland Islands and Elephant Island, Champsocephalus gunnari and Chaenocephalus aceratus (2004)
    In:  EPIC3Polar Biology, 27(2), pp. 119-129, ISSN: 0722-4060
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: The summer diet of two species of icefishes (Channichthyidae) from the South Shetland Islands and Elephant Island, Champsocephalus gunnari and Chaenocephalus aceratus, was investigated from 2001 to 2003. Champsocephalus gunnari fed almost exclusively on krill (Euphausia superba) in all years. The importance of other taxa (Themisto gaudichaudii, mysids, myctophids) in the diet was negligible. The average feeding rate of Champsocephalus gunnari inferred from an exponential gastric evacuation model was between 1.0 and 1.5% body weight per day. Most of the stomachs of Chaenocephalus aceratus were empty. Stomachs with food contained mainly krill, mysids and fish. Among the fish taken, locally abundant species formed the bulk of the diet: Gobionotothen gibberifrons in 2001, Lepidonotothen larseni and Champsocephalus gunnari in 2002 and L. larseni in 2003. An ontogenetic shift in feeding preference of Chaenocephalus aceratus was observed: fish smaller than 30 cm fed on krill and mysids, while larger animals relied primarily on fish.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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