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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1996-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0948-7921
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0487
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Springer
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1994-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0968-5243
    Electronic ISSN: 1352-8661
    Topics: Medicine , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Electrical engineering 79 (1996), S. 119-126 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Since the first publication of Wertheimer and Leeper in 1979 on possible cancer risk due to magnetic fields, numerous studies have been published thereby provoking controversies in public. It seems to be remarkable that the representatives of electrical engineering and sciences did not really participate in the discussion leaving the field to people with limited knowledge in physics and biophysics. There are several hypotheses on how magnetic field could be effective biologically, though they were never proved. A thorough analysis of a large Swedish study on cancer in relation to magnetic fields reveals that the results are not so unfavourable for cancer in children as their authors suggest, if the boundary conditions are critically looked at, a problem which is common to all case-control-studies. Calculations of the induced and influenced electric fields by external magnetic and electric fields demonstrate that their levels are far below levels for stimulation of nerves and muscles. There is no proof of a correlation between cancer and magnetic fields so far nor any explication on how this could be accomplished biophysically. The question remains open why the theme “electrosmog” found such an interest in the public within the last 10 years.
    Notes: Übersicht Seit der ersten Veröffentlichung von Wertheimer und Leeper im Jahre 1979 über einen möglichen Zusammenhang zwischen Magnetfeldern und Krebs sind zahlreiche Publikationen erschienen, die zu Meinungsverschiedenheiten in der Öffentlichkeit geführt haben. Bemerkenswert scheint dabei zu sein, daß sich die Repräsentanten der Elektrotechnik und ihrer Wissenschaft nicht wirklich an der Diskussion beteiligten, sondern Leuten das Feld überließen, deren begrenzte Kenntnis der Physik und Biophysik offenkundig ist. Verschiedene Hypothesen werden vertreten, wie Magnetfelder biologisch wirksam sein könnten, die jedoch nie bewiesen wurden. Eine sorgfältige Analyse einer umfangreichen schwedischen Studie über Krebs im Verhältnis zu Magnetfeldern deckt auf, das die Ergebnisse nicht so ungünstig sind, wie ihre Autoren vorgeben, wenn man die Anfangsbedingungen kritisch prüft, ein Problem, das allen Fall-Kontroll-Studien gemeinsam ist. Berechnungen der induzierten und influenzierten elektrischen Felder durch externe Magnet- und Elektrofelder zeigen, daß ihr Pegel weit unterhalb des Pegels für die Stimulation von Nerv und Muskel liegt. Es gibt keinen Beweis für eine Korrelation zwischen Krebs und Magnetfeldern noch irgendeine Erklärung dafür, wie dies biophysikalisch bewerkstelligt werden könnte. Die Frage bleibt offen, warum das Thema “Elektrosmog” ein derartiges Interesse in der Öffentlichkeit innerhalb der letzten 10 Jahre gefunden hat.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 15 (1977), S. 118-123 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Error analysis ; Pulsatile blood flow ; Indicator dilution ; Pulsative error
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire Pour le calcul des volumes de sang par des techniques de dilution d’indicateur, la condition préalable d’un débit constant de sang est généralement réalisée en négligeant le caractère pulsatoire du débit. Une analyse théorique et expérimentale des erreurs montre si oui ou non cette hypothèse entraîne une diminution importante de l’exactitude. Ces études négligent les conséquences d’une recirculation, d’une perte d’indicateur et d’un mélange de mauvaise qualité. Les résultats montrent que la part de l’erreur découlant du caractère pulsatoire dans l’erreur totale rélative aux méthodes à dilution d’indicateur peut être inférieure à 1% dans certaines conditions déterminées dans ce rapport.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Für die Berechnung des Blutvolumens durch Anzeigerverdünnungsverfahren wird meist die Voraussetzung getroffen, daß der Blutstrom stetig ist, und der pulsierende Charakter des Stromes wird vernachlässigt. Eine theoretische und experimentelle Fehleranalyse zeigt, ob dies Annahme zu einem beträchtlichen Verlust an Genauigkeit führt. Diese Untersuchungen vernachlässigen die Wirkung von Wiederumlauf, Anzeigerverlust und schlechter Mischung. Die Resultate zeigen, daß der Anteil des Pulsierungsfehlers am Gesamtfehler der Anzeigerverdünnungsverfahren unter bestimmten, in dieser Arbeit gezeigten, Bedingungen auf weniger als 1% gehalten werden kann.
    Notes: Abstract For the calculation of blood volumes by indicator-dilution techniques, the assumption of a steady blood flow is usually made, neglecting the pulsatile character of the flow. A theoretical and experimental analysis of the error reveals whether this assumption leads to a considerable loss of accuracy or not. These studies neglect the effects of recirculation, indicator loss and poor mixing. The results show that the pulsatile error portion of the total error of the indicator dilution methods can be kept 〈1% with certain conditions which are determined in the paper.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 10 (1972), S. 297-300 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 10 (1972), S. 313-315 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 10 (1972), S. 643-646 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire Les auteurs décrivent la construction et le procédé pour l'insertion d'une électrode flexible mise au point afin de surmonter le problème de dislocation. Le bout creux de l'électrode contient un écrou mobile portant des crochets en platine iridié pour la fixation myocardiale; les crochets sont commandés par un stylet passant à travers la connexion creuse entre le bout d'électrode et le noeud sinusal de Keith et Flack. Les résultats d'expériments sur animaux et les mesures de variation de durée de seuil de stimulation sont résumés.
    Abstract: Inhaltsangabe Die Autoren beschreiben die Herstellung und Einführung einer flexiblen Elektrode, die entwickelt wurde, um das Verlagerungsproblem zu beseitigen. Die hohle Elektrodenspitze enthält einen beweglichen Bolzen, welcher Platin-Iridium-Haken für eine myokardiale Befestigung trägt; die Haken werden von einer Sonde, die durch die hohle Verbindung zwischen der Elektrodenspitze und dem Schrittmacher führt, bewegt. Ergebnisse von Tierexperimenten und zeitvariablen Messungen der Stimulationsschwelle werden kurz zusammengefasst.
    Notes: Abstract The authors describe the construction and procedure for insertion of a flexible electrode designed to overcome the problem of dislocation. The hollow electrode tip contains a movable bolt which carries platinum-iridium hooks for myocardial fixation; the hooks are actuated by a stylet passing through the hollow connection between electrode tip and pacemaker. Results of animal experiments and time-variation measurements of the stimulation threshold are summarised.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Magnetic resonance materials in physics, biology and medicine 2 (1994), S. 43-49 
    ISSN: 1352-8661
    Keywords: electrostimulation ; magnetostimulation ; neurostimulation ; cardiac stimulation ; electrical safety ; magnetic field ; electric field
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Despite several investigations and publications on possible effects due to time-varying magnetic fields, the question remains as to the magnitude of the field, or its derivative with respect to time, that is capable of stimulating the human heart. It is quite surprising how little information on cardiac stimulation has entered the discussion to date. If the law of induction and the fundamental law of stimulation, both in their field forms, are combined, the result is quite different from what has been published: (1) It is the amplitude of the gradient field that is responsible for stimulation and notdB/dt. (2) The shape of the time-varying pulse has no influence on stimulation but only its mean value. (3) Owing to different rheobase and chronaxie values for cardiac tissue and peripheral nerves, the threshold for magnetostimulation of the myocardium is up to 200-fold higher than that for nerves. These results allow for the determination of safety limits that are certainly above those proposed to date. Based on these limits, technological advancement can be achieved without neglecting the patient safety requirement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 22 (1984), S. 98-101 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Clinical engineering ; Cost comparison ; In-house service
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In 1979 the Federal Ministry for Research & Technology (BMFT) of the Federal Republic of Germany started a four-year programme to investigate the feasibility, efficiency and profitability of clinical engineering centres within hospitals. Results from the 11 participating hospitals are now available, and demonstrate that the relative costs for maintenance could be reduced by 2·3 per cent. In-house services in larger or specialised hospitals have been shown to provide substantial cost savings in addition to a reduction of downtime and of medical equipment misuse, and this is bound to increase patient safety. All the service groups will stay in place once this study is finished. It may be assumed that they will nurture further growth of the field of ‘clinical engineering’.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 27 (1989), S. 69-74 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Clinical engineering ; Cost-effectiveness ; Equipment management ; Inhouse service ; Structuring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Increasing costs in healthcare have stimulated discussions on whether installation of competent in-house service groups for equipment management could eventually aid in reducing expenditure. In the Federal Republic of Germany, a fouryear programme was initiated in 1979 with the purpose of investigating the feasibility, efficiency and profitability of a clinical engineering service within hospitals. The results of this programme formed the foundation on which we developed guidelines for structuring such service centres, to enable other hospitals to profit from the experience gained and possibly to avoid repeating mistakes. Service groups must have sufficient personnel to be successful. As a rough estimate, approximately one service staff member per 100 beds is needed. A more sophisticated structuring demands analysis of the repair accounts to elucidate additional parameters. An optimised service centre can reduce the maintenance costs to about 60 per cent of their original value without in-house service. Structuring of service centres for cost-effectiveness requires a simultaneous increase in service quality, which should be the highest motivation in clinical engineering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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