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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of Normal Paraffins, Olefins, Ketones, and Nitriles from Colorado Shale Oil. (1966)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 38 (1966), S. 1224-1227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac60241a023
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ebulliton Device (1956)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 28 (1956), S. 1213-1214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac60115a055
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigations on poly(vinyl chloride). III. Effects of metal oxides upon thermal decomposition of poly(vinyl chloride) (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 15 (1977), S. 2427-2433 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Thermal decomposition mechanisms of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and the effects of a few metal oxides on the pyrolysis of PVC were previously reported. In the present work, 33 metal oxides were investigated to determine their effects on the thermal decomposition of PVC, by using a pyrolysis gas chromatograph. Most acidic oxides accelerate the recombination of chlorine atoms with double bonds, since PVC containing these metal oxides easily release lower aliphatics, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, and chlorobenzenes. On the other hand, most basic metal oxides, such as oxides of alkaline earths or silver, inhibit the recombination. These tendencies observed in the thermal decomposition of PVC agree with the contributions of corresponding metal salts to the dehydrochlorination of PVC proposed by other workers. This means that thermal decomposition or dehydrochlorination of PVC is affected by irregularities in head-to-tail linkages formed by the recombination of chlorine atoms during heat treatment of PVC.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1977.170151012
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigations on poly(vinyl chloride). IV. Effects of metal chlorides on the thermal decomposition of poly(vinyl chloride) (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 15 (1977), S. 2435-2440 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effects of various metal oxides upon the thermal decomposition of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) were previously reported. In this work, 23 metal chlorides were investigated to determine their effects on the thermal decomposition of PVC by pyrolysis-gas chromatography at 500°C. Each metal chloride exhibits influences on the course of thermal decomposition of PVC almost similar to the corresponding metal oxide except for a few elements; the metal chlorides from acidic metal oxides accelerate the thermal decomposition of PVC, but the metal chlorides from basic metal oxides do not. On comparing the effects of metal oxides and metal chlorides on the thermal decomposition of PVC, most metal chlorides were found to accelerate the thermal decomposition of PVC more than the corresponding metal oxides, owing to ease of addition of the chlorine atoms released from metal chloride to the dehydrochlorinated chains. It is concluded from these results that the thermal decomposition of PVC containing metal salts is markedly influenced by the ease with which chlorine atoms are released from the corresponding metal chloride.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1977.170151013
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigations on poly(vinyl chloride). I. Evolution of aromatics on pyrolysis of poly(vinyl chloride) and its mechanism (1974)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 12 (1974), S. 737-749 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) alone or mixed with 10 wt-% and 50 wt-% TiO2, SnO2, ZnO, and Al2O3 were pyrolyzed by using a pyrolysis gas chromatograph. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, styrene, naphthalene, and various chlorobenzenes were identified. No hydrocarbons could be detected in pyrolysis products of any samples at 200°C. More aromatic hydrocarbons than aliphatic hydrocarbons are released from the PVC-TiO2 system and in preheated PVC. The contrary result is observed in the PVC-ZnO and PVC-SnO2 systems. Aromatics having methyl endgroups are easily released from the PVC-ZnO and PVC-SnO2 systems and at elevated pyrolysis temperature, because methylene groups are easily isolated along the chain by ZnO, SnO2 and the heating. The release of ethylbenzene o-xylene, and chlorobenzenes suggests a repeated dehydrochlorination and recombination of HCl and Cl2 to double bonds along the chain. Possible decomposition mechanisms of PVC are discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1974.170120404
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigations on poly(vinyl chloride). II. Pyrolysis of chlorinated polybutadienes as model compounds for poly(vinyl chloride) (1975)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 13 (1975), S. 1381-1392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The pyrolysis of chlorinated polybutadienes (CPB) was investigated by using a pyrolysis gas chromatograph. CPB corresponds to poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) constructed with head-head and tail-tail linkages of the vinyl chloride unit. Benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, o-xylene, styrene, vinyltoluene, chlorobenzenes, naphthalene, and methylnaphthalenes were detected in the pyrolysis products from CPB above 300°C, and no hydrocarbons could be detected at 200°C. The pyrolysis products from CPB were similar to those from PVC and new products could not be detected. Lower aliphatics, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, chlorobenzenes, and methylnaphthalenes were released more easily from pyrolysis of CPB than from PVC; amounts of benzene, styrene, and naphthalene formed were small. These results support the conclusion that recombination of chlorine atoms with the double bonds in the polyene chain takes place and that scission of the main chain may depend on the location of methylene groups isolated along the polyene chain during the thermal decomposition of PVC.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1975.170130610
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stabilization of poly(vinyl chloride). II. Stabilization mechanism through metal soaps by complementary color action (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 243-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In a previous paper, it was pointed out that the stabilization mechanism through metal soaps might be affected by an effect of complementary color. In this work, the colors of heated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) films mixed with various metal soaps were investigated by using a differential colorimeter and a spectrophotometer. Monochromatic coloration was observed with PVC, PVC-Ca stearate, and PVC-Ba stearate systems. On the other hand, the phenomenon of color mixing was observed with PVC-Zn stearate, PVC-Cd stearate, PVC-Zn/Ca stearate, and PVC-Cd/Ba stearate systems. In particular, achromatic color remained with PVC-Zn/Ca stearate and Cd/Ba stearate systems for longer heating periods. This means that the stabilization mechanism for PVC compounded with metal soaps should be effected finally by subtractive complementary colors situated between polyene color and the color effected with the metal complex, in addition to being subject to the usual chemical stabilization mechanisms.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190119
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stabilization of poly(vinyl chloride). IV. Color changes on heating poly(vinyl chloride)-dye systems (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 24 (1979), S. 1917-1924 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The stabilization of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) involving complementary colors has been previously reported. Obliterating polyene color with various dyes containing complementary colors with the polyene color is studied on the basis of colorimetry. The changes in the color of heated PVC containing Thren Blue IRN, Ceres Blue GN, Oplas Violet 730, Macro-Lex Violet 3R, Macro-Lex Green 5B, or Macro-Lex Red 5B were investigated using a differential colorimeter. When the PVCs containing various dyes were heated, the discoloration from the color of each dye to the color mixture of each dye and polyene color was observed with increased heating times for all systems. In particular, an achromatic color has been observed, during the heat treatments, in PVC containing blue dyes such as Thren Blue IRN or Ceres Blue GN, which set up complementary color relationship with the polyene color. Thus the color of polyenes, which appears with advancing dehydrochlorination of PVC, is masked by the blue dyes. It is also apparent that the obliteration of polyene color does not depend on the chemical influences of the dyes added, but by color mixing of polyenes and the dyes. Cool-color dyes markedly slow down the appearance of polyene colors.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070240811
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stabilization of poly(vinyl chloride). V. Synergism between metal soaps and polyols upon stabilization of poly(vinyl chloride) (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 25 (1980), S. 887-900 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The marked discolorations observed on aged poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) containing synergetic metal soaps, in the early heating stage, were due to the excessive coloration of π complex of metal chloride and double bonds in the polyene chain. These excessive colorations were inhibited by masking the excessive metal chloride with some masking agents, thereby slowing down the abrupt discoloration of PVC. In this paper, the masking effect of various alcohols such as 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, hexylene glycol, glycerol, 1,2,4-butanetriol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, meso-erythritol, pentaerythritol, sorbitol, and dipentaerythritol is investigated. The polyhydric alcohols, except dihydric alcohols, showed superior masking effect and markedly improved the thermal stabilization effects of synergetic metal soaps. The mechanism for the synergetic effects between polyols and metal soaps should be based on the masking effect of polyols, owing to the formation of the colorless complex of polyols with excess metal chlorides obtained from the metal soap.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1980.070250516
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stabilization of poly(vinyl chloride). V. Synergism between metal soaps and polyols upon stabilization of poly(vinyl chloride) (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 25 (1980), S. 2143-2143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1980.070250929
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