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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2009-02-13
    Description: Since the completion of the genome sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in 1996 (refs 1, 2), there has been a large increase in complete genome sequences, accompanied by great advances in our understanding of genome evolution. Although little is known about the natural and life histories of yeasts in the wild, there are an increasing number of studies looking at ecological and geographic distributions, population structure and sexual versus asexual reproduction. Less well understood at the whole genome level are the evolutionary processes acting within populations and species that lead to adaptation to different environments, phenotypic differences and reproductive isolation. Here we present one- to fourfold or more coverage of the genome sequences of over seventy isolates of the baker's yeast S. cerevisiae and its closest relative, Saccharomyces paradoxus. We examine variation in gene content, single nucleotide polymorphisms, nucleotide insertions and deletions, copy numbers and transposable elements. We find that phenotypic variation broadly correlates with global genome-wide phylogenetic relationships. S. paradoxus populations are well delineated along geographic boundaries, whereas the variation among worldwide S. cerevisiae isolates shows less differentiation and is comparable to a single S. paradoxus population. Rather than one or two domestication events leading to the extant baker's yeasts, the population structure of S. cerevisiae consists of a few well-defined, geographically isolated lineages and many different mosaics of these lineages, supporting the idea that human influence provided the opportunity for cross-breeding and production of new combinations of pre-existing variations.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2659681/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2659681/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liti, Gianni -- Carter, David M -- Moses, Alan M -- Warringer, Jonas -- Parts, Leopold -- James, Stephen A -- Davey, Robert P -- Roberts, Ian N -- Burt, Austin -- Koufopanou, Vassiliki -- Tsai, Isheng J -- Bergman, Casey M -- Bensasson, Douda -- O'Kelly, Michael J T -- van Oudenaarden, Alexander -- Barton, David B H -- Bailes, Elizabeth -- Nguyen, Alex N -- Jones, Matthew -- Quail, Michael A -- Goodhead, Ian -- Sims, Sarah -- Smith, Frances -- Blomberg, Anders -- Durbin, Richard -- Louis, Edward J -- 067008/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 084507/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- BB/F015216/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- G10415/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2009 Mar 19;458(7236):337-41. doi: 10.1038/nature07743. Epub 2009 Feb 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Genetics, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19212322" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Genetics, Population ; Genome, Fungal/*genetics ; *Genomics ; Geography ; INDEL Mutation/genetics ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; Saccharomyces/classification/*genetics ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics ; Selection, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 405 (2000), S. 451-454 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The chromosomal speciation model invokes chromosomal rearrangements as the primary cause of reproductive isolation. In a heterozygous carrier, chromosomes bearing reciprocal translocations mis-segregate at meiosis, resulting in reduced fertility or complete sterility. Thus, chromosomal ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Reporter gene ; Filamentous fungi ; Pathogenicity ; β-glucuronidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A chimaeric β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene has been created by ligating the Aspergillus nidulans glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter to the coding sequence of the E. coli uidA gene. Cotransformation of this vector into A. nidulans, A. niger and the tomato pathogen Fulvia fulva (syn. Cladosporium fulvum (Cooke)) resulted in the expression of β-glucuronidase. GUS activity was detected by growth on agar media containing X-gluc and by enzyme assays of mycelial extracts. Expression of the gene in F. fulva transformants was also easily detectable during growth in plants and did not affect pathogenicity. These results form the basis for a versatile and sensitive reporter gene system for industrial and phytopathogenic filamentous fungi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Fulvia fulva ; Tomato leaf mould ; Protoplast fusion ; Complementation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Auxotrophic and drug resistant mutants have been isolated in five of the seven races of Fulvia fulva (syn. Cladosporium fulvum) following UV mutagenesis. Drug resistant mutants have also been isolated by genetic transformation using vectors conferring resistance to hygromycin B and phleomycin. Protoplasts of complementing auxotrophs or mutants with different drug resistances have been fused to form diploids as demonstrated by growth characteristics and microfluorimetry. Some of the diploid fusion products remained stable but most went on to haploidise spontaneously. Using this technique it is now possible to perform both complementation and linkage analysis in an imperfect fungal plant pathogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Tomato leaf mould ; Cladosporium fulvum ; Deuteromycete
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A transformation system for the tomato pathogen Fulvia fulva has been developed. Hygromycin B resistant colonies were obtained after treatment of protoplasts with a plasmid containing an E. coli hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene fused to an Aspergillus nidulans promoter. The DNA was stably integrated into the genome. The number and sites of integrations varied among transformants. The demonstration of transformation opens the way for the molecular genetic analysis of the interaction of Fulvia with tomato.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 58 (1980), S. 241-246 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica ; Pollen germination ; Pollen surface ; Self-incompatibility ; Stigma surface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Recent studies on the mechanism of self-incompatibility in Brassica indicate the location, nature and mode of action of the molecules involved. Characteristics of the pollen surface and the stigma surface are described in detail, together with new information pertaining to the recognition molecules located therein. A sequence of events is outlined leading from pollination, through adhesion, hydration, germination, and tube growth to acceptance and ultimate compatibility. The characteristics of rejection of incompatible grains are described for each stage of the pollen-stigma interaction. It is proposed that recognition of proteins from the coating of self-pollen by the molecules in the pellicle results in the formation of a biologically-active complex which inhibits water supply to the incompatible grain, and that all other manifestations of incompatibility are a consequence of this initial response.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 146 (1979), S. 211-216 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Brassica ; Pollen adhesion ; Pollen hydration ; Self-incompatibility ; Tryphine mobility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative studies of the adhesion of pollen grains to the stigma in Brassica oleracea revealed that self-pollen is initially less firmly bound than cross-pollen. The pollen grain tryphine, believed to be important in the adhesion process, has been shown to differ in mobility following self- and cross-pollination when observed using fluorescent probes. The hydration of the pollen grains has been investigated in vitro by measuring the changes in shape, volume and fresh weight of the imbibing grains. Whilst little change in volume could be detected there was a considerable increase in fresh weight together with a change of shape. The significance of these events, which occur prior to pollen germination, is discussed in relation to their effect upon subsequent germination and expression of self-incompatibility.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Brassica ; Cellular recognition ; Glycoproteins ; Self-incompatibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Iso-electric focusing of extracts derived from stigmatic homogenates of Brassica oleracea reveals that the mature stigma possesses large quantities of a glycoprotein not present in earlier stages of development in the bud. Pollen germination experiments carried out in parallel with the biochemical tests suggest that the appearance of this glycoprotein, which has an isoelectric point of pH 5.8, is coincident with the development of the self-incompatibility response. The site of this protein, and the role it may play in pollen-stigma interactions are discussed in terms of current models of the self-incompatibility system in Brassica.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 164 (1985), S. 439-447 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cytoskeleton ; Ethylene (microtubule reorientation) ; Helix (microtubule) ; Microtubule ; Pisum (microtubule, ethylene) ; Vigna (microtubule, ethylene)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Entire microtubule arrays, within outer cortical and epidermal cells of pea epicotyl and mung-bean hypocotyl, have been visualized by indirect immunofluorescence. In all cells the microtubule arrangement can be interpreted as being a single multistart helix of variable pitch. In control cells the predominant pattern is a tightly compressed helix with the microtubules consequently in a net transverse direction with respect to the cell axis. Occasionally some cells show an oblique helix and rare cells show a longitudinal array which may be interpreted as a steeply pitched helix. By contrast in ethylene treated tissue, many cells show net longitudinal and oblique arrays of microtubules and few show transverse arrays. Similar effects can be induced by high osmolality. It is suggested that the plant cortical cytoskeleton is an integral unit, capable of wholesale reorientation in response to environmental signals.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica ; Pollen ; Pollen germination ; Germination medium ; Self incompatibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A simple medium is described which supports the germination of Brassica pollen in vitro. The method is completely reliable and the percentage germination achieved is comparable to that found on a compatible stigma. The pollen tubes produced attain lengths equal to those growing in the style and exhibit similar growth kinetics. The major difference between this medium and other less-reliable media is the addition of 1 mM Tris. The efficacy of Tris is shown to be due in part to the establishment of an optimum pH but an “amine effect” is also identified. The optimum pH for growth in vitro may be different from that encountered on the stigma. Atmospheric concentration of CO2 and pollen population density are also shown to have pronounced effects on germination in vitro. Germination in vitro is not significantly affected by prior incubation on the stigma surface. Neither crossnor self-stigmas exert any apparent influence on pollen viability in this respect. Similarly the numbers of tube initials produced in atmospheres of 98% relative humidity (RH) are not altered by such treatments. Conversely, incubation in germination medium and in 98% RH prior to pollination appears to modify pollen-stigma interactions to some extent. Stigma extracts added to the germination medium cause an increase in the rate of hydration of both cross- and self-pollen, but this effect is greater in the case of cross-pollen. Evidence for specific inhibition of self-pollen germination by stigma extracts added to the medium was not obtained. The relevance of these phenomena to current concepts of the mechanism of self incompatibility (SI) are discussed and a potential use of the medium in overcoming the SI response is suggested.
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