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  • 1
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    Gravitational and tectonic forces controlling postcollisional deformation and the present-day stress field of the Alps: Constraints from numerical modeling (2005)
    In:  Tectonics, Berlin, Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 289-301, pp. TC5009, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005
    Keywords: Tectonics ; Plate tectonics ; Gravimetry, Gravitation ; Stress ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Modelling ; Jimenez
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    Decoupled crust-mantle accommodation of Africa-Eurasia convergence in the NW Moroccan margin (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The extent of the area accommodating convergence between the African and Iberian plates, how this convergence is partitioned between crust and mantle, and the role of the plate boundary in accommodating deformation are not well-understood subjects. We calculate the structure of the lithosphere derived from its density distribution along a profile running from the Tagus Abyssal Plain to the Sahara Platform and crossing the Gorringe Bank, the NW Moroccan margin, and the Atlas Mountains. The model is based on the integration of gravity, geoid, elevation, and heat flow data and on the crustal structure across the NW Moroccan margin derived from reflection and wide-angle seismic data. The resulting mantle density anomalies suggest important variations of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) topography, indicating prominent lithospheric mantle thickening beneath the margin (LAB 〉 200 km depth) followed by thinning beneath the Atlas Mountains (LAB ∼90 km depth). At crustal levels the Iberia-Africa convergence is sparsely accommodated in a ∼950 km wide area and localized in the Atlas and Gorringe regions, with an inferred shortening of ∼50 km. In contrast, mantle thickening accommodates a 400 km wide region, thus advocating for a decoupled crustal-mantle mechanical response. A combination of mantle underthrusting due to oblique convergence, together with a viscous dripping fed by lateral mantle dragging, can explain the imaged lithospheric structure. The model is consistent with crustal shortening estimates and with the accommodation of part of the Iberia-Africa convergence farther NW of the Gorringe Bank and/or off the strike of the profile.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Catastrophic flood of the Mediterranean after the Messinian salinity crisis (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-12-17
    Description: The Mediterranean Sea became disconnected from the world's oceans and mostly desiccated by evaporation about 5.6 million years ago during the Messinian salinity crisis. The Atlantic waters found a way through the present Gibraltar Strait and rapidly refilled the Mediterranean 5.33 million years ago in an event known as the Zanclean flood. The nature, abruptness and evolution of this flood remain poorly constrained. Borehole and seismic data show incisions over 250 m deep on both sides of the Gibraltar Strait that have previously been attributed to fluvial erosion during the desiccation. Here we show the continuity of this 200-km-long channel across the strait and explain its morphology as the result of erosion by the flooding waters, adopting an incision model validated in mountain rivers. This model in turn allows us to estimate the duration of the flood. Although the available data are limited, our findings suggest that the feedback between water flow and incision in the early stages of flooding imply discharges of about 10(8) m(3) s(-1) (three orders of magnitude larger than the present Amazon River) and incision rates above 0.4 m per day. Although the flood started at low water discharges that may have lasted for up to several thousand years, our results suggest that 90 per cent of the water was transferred in a short period ranging from a few months to two years. This extremely abrupt flood may have involved peak rates of sea level rise in the Mediterranean of more than ten metres per day.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Garcia-Castellanos, D -- Estrada, F -- Jimenez-Munt, I -- Gorini, C -- Fernandez, M -- Verges, J -- De Vicente, R -- England -- Nature. 2009 Dec 10;462(7274):778-81. doi: 10.1038/nature08555.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut de Ciencies de la Terra Jaume Almera, CSIC, Sole i Sabaris s/n, Barcelona, Spain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20010684" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    3-D lithospheric structure and regional/residual Bouguer anomalies in the Arabia–Eurasia collision (Iran) (2012)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2012-07-31
    Description: SUMMARY The aim of this work is to propose a first-order estimate of the crustal and lithospheric mantle geometry of the Arabia–Eurasia collision zone and to separate the measured Bouguer anomaly into its regional and local components. The crustal and lithospheric mantle structure is calculated from the geoid height and elevation data combined with thermal analysis. Our results show that Moho depth varies from ∼42 km at the Mesopotamian–Persian Gulf foreland basin to ∼60 km below the High Zagros. The lithosphere is thicker beneath the foreland basin (∼200 km) and thinner underneath the High Zagros and Central Iran (∼140 km). Most of this lithospheric mantle thinning is accommodated under the Zagros mountain belt coinciding with the suture between two different mantle domains on the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone. The regional gravity field is obtained by calculating the gravimetric response of the 3-D crustal and lithospheric mantle structure obtained by combining elevation and geoid data. The calculated regional Bouguer anomaly differs noticeably from those obtained by filtering or just isostatic methods. The residual gravity anomaly, obtained by subtraction of the regional components to the measured field, is analyzed in terms of the dominating upper crustal structures. Deep basins and areas with salt deposits are characterized by negative values (∼−20 mGal), whereas the positive values are related to igneous and ophiolite complexes and shallow basement depths (∼20 mGal).
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 5
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    Deep seated density anomalies across the Iberia‐Africa plate boundary and its topographic response (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract The modes in which the lithosphere deforms during continental collision and the mechanisms involved are not well understood. While continental subduction and mantle delamination are often invoked in tectonophysical studies, these processes are difficult to be confirmed in more complex tectonic regions such as the Gibraltar Arc. We study the present‐day density and compositional structure of the lithosphere along a transect running from S Iberia to N Africa crossing the western Gibraltar Arc. This region is located in the westernmost continental segment of the African‐Eurasian plates, characterized by a diffuse transpressive plate boundary. An integrated and self‐consistent geophysical‐petrological methodology is used to model the lithosphere structure variations and the thermophysical properties of the upper mantle. The crustal structure is mainly constrained by seismic experiments and geological data, whereas the composition of the lithospheric mantle is constrained by xenolith data. The results show large lateral variations in the topography of the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB). We distinguish different chemical lithospheric mantle domains that reproduce the main trends of the geophysical observables and the modelled P‐ and S‐wave seismic velocities. A sublithospheric body colder than the surrounding mantle is needed beneath the Betics‐Rif to adjust the measured potential fields. We link this body to the Iberian slab localized just to the east of the profile and having some effect on the geoid and Bouguer anomalies. Local isostasy allows explaining most of the topography, but an elastic thickness higher than 10 km is needed to explain local misfits between the Atlas and the Rif Mountains.
    Print ISSN: 2169-9313
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-9356
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Regional crustal and lithospheric thickness model for alaska, the chukchi shelf, and the inner and outer bering shelves (2019)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈span〉〈div〉Summary〈/div〉This study presents for the first time an integrated image of the crust and lithospheric mantle of Alaska and its adjacent western shelves of the Chukchi and Bering seas based on joint modeling of potential field data constrained by thermal analysis and seismic data. We also perform 3D forward modelling and inversion of Bouguer anomalies to analyze density heterogeneities at the crustal level. The obtained crustal model shows northwest-directed long wavelength thickening (32 to 36 km), with additional localized trends of thicker crust in the Brooks Range (40 km) and in the Alaska and St. Elias ranges (50 km). Offshore, 28–30 km thick crust is predicted near the Bearing slope break and 36–38 km in the northern Chukchi Shelf. In interior Alaska, the crustal thickness changes abruptly across the Denali fault, from 34–36 to the north to above 30 km to the south. This sharp crustal thickness gradient agrees with the presence of a crustal tectonic buttress guiding block motion west and south towards the subduction zone. The average crustal density is 2810 kg∙m〈sup〉−3〈/sup〉. The denser crust, up to 2910 kg∙m〈sup〉−3〈/sup〉, is found south of the Denali Fault likely related to the oceanic nature of the Wrangellia Composite Terrane rocks. Offshore, less dense crust (〈 2800 kg∙m〈sup〉−3〈/sup〉) is found along the sedimentary basins of the Chukchi and Beaufort shelves. At LAB levels, there is a regional SE–NW trend that coincides with the current Pacific plate motion, with a lithospheric root underneath the Brooks Range, Northern Slope, and Chuckchi Sea, that may correspond to a relic of the Chukotka-Artic Alaska microplate. The obtained lithospheric root (above 180 km) agrees with the presence of a boundary of cold, strong lithosphere that deflects the strain towards the South. South of the Denali Fault the LAB topography is quite complex. East of 150 ° W, below Wrangellia and the eastern side of Chugach terranes, the LAB is much shallower than it is west of this meridian. The NW trending limit separating thinner lithosphere in the east and thicker in the west agrees with the two–tiered slab shape of the subducting Pacific Plate.〈/span〉
    Print ISSN: 2051-1965
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 7
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    Crustal-scale cross-sections across the NW Zagros belt: implications for the Arabian margin reconstruction (2011)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-01
    Description: Quantified balanced and restored crustal cross-sections across the NW Zagros Mountains are presented in this work integrating geological and geophysical local and global datasets. The balanced crustal cross-section reproduces the surficial folding and thrusting of the thick cover succession, including the near top of the Sarvak Formation (~90 Ma) that forms the top of the restored crustal cross-section. The base of the Arabian crust in the balanced cross-section is constrained by recently published seismic receiver function results showing a deepening of the Moho from 42 {+/-} 2 km in the undeformed foreland basin to 56 {+/-} 2 km beneath the High Zagros. The internal parts of the deformed crustal cross-section are constrained by new seismic tomographic sections imaging a ~50{degrees} NE-dipping sharp contact between the Arabian and Iranian crusts. These surfaces bound an area of 10800 km2 that should be kept constant during the Zagros orogeny. The Arabian crustal cross-section is restored using six different tectonosedimentary domains according to their sedimentary facies and palaeobathymetries, and assuming Airy isostasy and area conservation. While the two southwestern domains were directly determined from well-constrained surface data, the reconstruction of the distal domains to the NE was made using the recent margin model of Wrobel-Daveau et al. (2010) and fitting the total area calculated in the balanced cross-section. The Arabian continental-oceanic boundary, at the time corresponding to the near top of the Sarvak Formation, is located 169 km to the NE of the trace of the Main Recent Fault. Shortening is estimated at ~180 km for the cover rocks and ~149 km for the Arabian basement, including all compressional events from Late Cretaceous to Recent time, with an average shortening rate of ~2 mm yr-1 for the last 90 Ma.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7568
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5081
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 8
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    Lithospheric structure in Central Eurasia derived from elevation, geoid anomaly and thermal analysis (2015)
    Geological Society (of London)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-09
    Description: We present new crustal and lithospheric thickness maps for Central Eurasia from the combination of elevation and geoid anomaly data and thermal analysis. The results are strongly constrained by numerous previous data based on seismological and seismic experiments, tomographic imaging and integrated geophysical studies. Our results indicate that high topography regions are associated with crustal thickening that is at a maximum below the Zagros, Himalaya, Tien Shan and the Tibetan Plateau. The stiffer continental blocks that remain undeformed within the continental collision areas are characterized by a slightly thickened crust and flat topography. Lithospheric thickness and crustal thickness show different patterns that highlight an important strain partitioning within the lithosphere. The Arabia–Eurasia collision zone is characterized by a thick lithosphere underneath the Zagros belt, whereas a thin to non-existent lithospheric mantle is observed beneath the Iranian and Anatolian plateaus. Conversely, the India–Eurasia collision zone is characterized by a very thick lithosphere below its southern part as a consequence of the underplating of the cold and stiff Indian lithosphere. Our new model presents great improvements compared to previous global models available for the region, and allows us to discuss major aspects related to the lithospheric structure and acting geodynamic processes in Central Eurasia. Supplementary material: Residual geoid anomaly between different order and degree of filtering, our compilation of crustal thickness from publications and our resulting crustal and lithospheric thickness in .txt format are available at: http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18846
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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  • 9
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    Regional crustal and lithospheric thickness model for Alaska, the Chukchi shelf, and the inner and outer bering shelves (2019)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈span〉〈div〉SUMMARY〈/div〉This study presents for the first time an integrated image of the crust and lithospheric mantle of Alaska and its adjacent western shelves of the Chukchi and Bering seas based on joint modelling of potential field data constrained by thermal analysis and seismic data. We also perform 3-D forward modelling and inversion of Bouguer anomalies to analyse density heterogeneities at the crustal level. The obtained crustal model shows northwest-directed long wavelength thickening (32–36 km), with additional localized trends of thicker crust in the Brooks Range (40 km) and in the Alaska and St Elias ranges (50 km). Offshore, 28–30-km-thick crust is predicted near the Bearing slope break and 36–38 km in the northern Chukchi Shelf. In interior Alaska, the crustal thickness changes abruptly across the Denali fault, from 34–36 to the north to above 30 km to the south. This sharp crustal thickness gradient agrees with the presence of a crustal tectonic buttress guiding block motion west and south towards the subduction zone. The average crustal density is 2810 kg m〈sup〉−3〈/sup〉. The denser crust, up to 2910 kg m〈sup〉−3〈/sup〉, is found south of the Denali Fault likely related to the oceanic nature of the Wrangellia Composite Terrane rocks. Offshore, less dense crust (〈2800 kg m〈sup〉−3〈/sup〉) is found along the sedimentary basins of the Chukchi and Beaufort shelves. At LAB levels, there is a regional SE–NW trend that coincides with the current Pacific Plate motion, with a lithospheric root underneath the Brooks Range, Northern Slope, and Chuckchi Sea, that may correspond to a relic of the Chukotka-Artic Alaska microplate. The obtained lithospheric root (above 180 km) agrees with the presence of a boundary of cold, strong lithosphere that deflects the strain towards the South. South of the Denali Fault the LAB topography is quite complex. East of 150°W, below Wrangellia and the eastern side of Chugach terranes, the LAB is much shallower than it is west of this meridian. The NW trending limit separating thinner lithosphere in the east and thicker in the west agrees with the two-tiered slab shape of the subducting Pacific Plate.〈/span〉
    Print ISSN: 2051-1965
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 10
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    Thermal and petrophysical characterization of the lithospheric mantle along the northeastern Iberia geo-transect (2015)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-01
    Print ISSN: 1342-937X
    Electronic ISSN: 1878-0571
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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