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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 117 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The ‘classical’χ2 test is routinely applied in linkage analysis. The values customarily used, however, are only approximations since continuous χ2 terms are used instead of discrete multinomial terms. This error becomes increasingly important as the sample becomes small. In this note, a well-known correction term for improvement of this approximation is revived and numerically calculated for some interesting cases from linkage studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 109 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In many fields of application in plant breeding and crop science, ratios of two component traits X and Y are of interest (harvest index in cereals, leaf-to-stem ratio in forage legumes, height-to-diameter ratio in forest trees etc.). When selection is practised on the ratio X/Y of two traits X and Y, the experimenter may be interested in the resulting changes of both trait means.Based on improved approximations for the covariances between X and X/Y and between Y and X/Y and for the variance of X/Y the changes in the means of X and Y can be predicted by applying the regression approach from conventional selection theory. Explicit expressions for these correlated responses in X and Y when selection is practised on their ratio X/Y are derived and discussed.The different outcomes (decrease, zero change or increase) for the selection pressures on X and Y are characterized by phenotypic coefficients of variation of X and Y, phenotypic and genotypic correlations between X and Y and heritabilities of X and Y.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1986), S. 53-60 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mixtures ; Number of components ; Juvenile-mature correlations ; Early selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Theoretical studies on the necessary numbers of components in mixtures (for example multiclonal varieties or mixtures of lines) have been performed according to the relations between the juvenile-mature correlations of mixtures and their number of components. For the juvenile-mature correlation rE based upon the values of the single components (= component means at juvenile and mature ages) and the juvenile-mature correlation rM based upon the means of mixtures of different components we usually will have rM〉rE. Furthermore, rM will increase with an increasing number of components in the mixtures. The effectiveness of an early selection will be mainly determined by the magnitude of the juvenile-mature correlation. If we have rM〉rE an improvement of early testing can be realized by using mixtures instead of single components. But, what are the necessary numbers of components so that rM will be sufficiently high to enable an effective early selection of mixtures? Some relations between rE and rM can be obtained and conclusions have been derived. The statistical approach ‘significant difference between rE and rM for a given numerical value of rM’ leads to estimates for the necessary number n of components dependent on rM, α, rE and N where: N = total number of components, which are available for the composition of mixtures and α = error probability. For different tree species rE can be estimated by an appropriate formula which depends on T with T = time (in years) from planting date until the mature age. Lambeth's formula, for example, has been developed for height growth in pines. For this situation numerical calculations are performed using rM=0.90 and α=0.05. The necessary numbers n for T=5, T=10, T=20 and T=50 are: 6, 9, 10 and 12 (for N=50); 13, 17, 20 and 23 (for N=100); 26, 34, 40 and 46 (for N=200); 38, 51, 60 and 69 (for N=300); 64, 85, 100 and 114 (for N=500) and 128, 171, 199 and 228 (for N=1,000). The dependence of these necessary numbers n of components on different type I errors α and different levels of rM have been investigated numerically.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 48 (1976), S. 105-118 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Untersuchung der Auswirkung der Parzellenränder-Konkurrenzwirkungen zwischen benachbarten Parzellen in parzellenweise angelegten Feldversuchen wurde eine umfangreiche Feldversuchsserie mit Fichtenkreuzungen verschiedenen Auswertungen unterzogen: 1) Eine Auswertung mit weitgehender Ausschaltung der Konkurrenzeffekte an den Parzellenrändern sowie 2) eine Auswertung ohne explizite Berücksichtigung und Eliminierung der Parzellenränder-Konkurrenzwirkungen (siehe Hühn 1974). Diese Untersuchungen zur quantitativen Einschätzung von Konkurrenzeffekten in Pflanzenbeständen führten schließlich — unter anderem — zu Größenbeziehungen (Ungleichungen) zwischen den phänotypisehen Gesamtvarianzen dieser beiden Auswertungen mit (V*) und ohne (V) Berücksichtigung der Parzellenränder-Konkurrenzwirkungen: V*⩾V sowie zu Größenbeziehungen zwischen verschiedenen Varianzkomponenten, die aus den varianzanalytischen Verrechnungen dieser beiden Auswertungen erhalten wurden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden nun unter ausschließlicher Verwendung der Ungleichung V*⩾V interessante theoretische Folgerungen über 1) die Kovarianz zwischen Versuchsglied- und Konkurrenzeffekten und 2) über die Bestimmtheitsmaße bzw. Korrelationskoeffizienten zwischen phänotypischem Wert und Versuchsgliedeffekt sowie zwischen phänotypischem Wert und Konkurrenzeffekt abgeleitet. Zur quantitativen Beschreibung dieser Zusammenhänge erweist sich das Verhältnis f der Konkurrenzvarianz zur Varianz der Versuchsgliedeffekte als besonders geeignet. Im Sonderfall V*=V, der jedoch von einer außerordentlichen praktischen Bedeutung ist, ergibt sich dabei für einen großen Teil des in Frage kommenden Bereiches (0⩽f⩽2) für den Anteil H der Varianz der Versuchsgliedeffekte an der phänotypischen Gesamtvarianz (unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen ist dies also die ‘Heritabilität im weiteren Sinn’) eine interessante Deutung als multiple Bestimmtheit R′ (phänotypischer Wert in Abhängigkeit von Versuchsgliedeffekt und Konkurrenzeffekt), wobei R′ für diesen Bereich explizit völlig unabhängig von der Größe der Konkurrenzvarianz ist. Im Hauptteil der Arbeit werden dann für diesen praktisch äußerst bedeutsamen Fall V*=V züchterische Anwendungen (positive Massenauslese) diskutiert. Ausgehend von einer einfachen Formel für den Korrelationskoeffizienten zwischen phänotypischem Wert und Versuchsgliedeffekt (wobei die Forderung eines bestimmten zu überschreitenden Mindestwertes c des entsprechenden Bestimmtheitsmaßes als Selektionsbedingung benutzt wird) lassen sich Bedingungen für eine sinnvolle züchterische Anwendung der positiven Massenauslese ableiten und durch quantitative Beziehungen präzisieren. Bei der Formulierung dieser Bedingungen kommt man zu Aussagen über: Mindestwerte für H (in Abhängigkeit von der Anzahl N der zu selektierenden Individuen und c), Angabe von für die positive Massenauslese nicht zulässigen f-Intervallen (in Abhängigkeit von N, H und c, wobei sich ein interessanter Sonderfall für sehr hohe Individuenanzahlen (N → ∞) ergibt) und schließlich die Berechnung der mindestens notwendigen Anzahlen der zu selektierenden Individuen (in Abhängigkeit von f, H und c), wobei hier besonders der unter praktischen züchterischen Gesichtspunkten interessierende Fall: ‘Signifikant von Null verschiedene Korrelation zwischen phänotypischem Wert und Versuchsgliedeffekt’ diskutiert wird.
    Notes: Summary To quantitatively investigate the competitive effects at the borders of neighbouring plots (using field experiments arranged in plots) an extensive series of field experiments, where the treatments were certain crosses of spruce, had been analysed by two different methods: 1) An analysis with almost complete elimination of the competitive effects at the borders of the plots; and 2) an analysis without explicit consideration and elimination of these competition-border-effects (see: Hühn 1974). These studies on estimating competitive effects in plant stands quantitatively finally resulted in relations (inequalities) between the phenotypic total variances of these two methods of analysis, with (V*) and without (V) eliminating the competition-border-effects: V* ⩾ V. Furthermore, relations between different variance components were obtained from the analysis of variance computations of these two methods. The main purpose of the present paper is to draw some interesting theoretical conclusions, using only the inequality V* ⩾ V, about 1) the covariance between treatment(genetic)-effects and competitive effects and 2) about the coefficients of determination and correlation-coefficients between the phenotypic values and the treatment-effects and between the phenotypic values and the competitive effects. To describe these relations quantitatively the ratio f of the competitional variance to the variance of the treatment-effects is especially suitable. In the special case V*=V, which, however, has exceptional practical relevance, one obtains — for a large part of the possible interval (0⩽f⩽2) — for the ratio H of the variance of the treatment-effects to the total phenotypic variance (under certain assumptions this is the broad sense heritability), an interesting interpretation as coefficient of multiple determination R′ (phenotypic value dependent on treatment-effects and competitive-effects). For 0⩽f⩽2 this R′ is explicitly totally independent of the magnitude of the competitional variance. In the main part of this publication, applications for breeding (positive mass selection) are discussed for the case V*=V, which is of special practical relevance. Starting with a simple formula for the correlation-coefficient between the phenotypic values and the treatment effects, quantitative conditions for a possible application of positive mass selection in breeding are derived; with this the demand of a certain minimal value c of the corresponding coefficient of determination, which must be exceeded, is used as a condition for selection. In the formulation of these conditions one obtains results about: 1) minimal values for H (dependent on c and on the number N of individuals, which must be selected); 2) derivation of f-intervals, where positive mass selection should not be applied (dependent on N, H and c, where an interesting special case arises for very large numbers of individuals (N → ∞)); 3) the computation of the necessary minimal number of individuals which must be selected (dependent on f, H and c), where the case: “correlation between phenotypic values and treatment-effects significantly different from zero”, which is of special interest from the point of view of practical breeding, is discussed in detail.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 60 (1981), S. 311-312 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 61 (1982), S. 326-326 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 61 (1982), S. 352-352 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 62 (1982), S. 384-384 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 360-360 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 64 (1983), S. 115-116 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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