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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parasites and climate synchronize red grouse populations (2005)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 433 (2005), S. 737-741 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] There is circumstantial evidence that correlated climatic conditions can drive animal populations into synchronous fluctuations in abundance. However, it is unclear whether climate directly affects the survival and fecundity of individuals, or indirectly, by influencing food and natural ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03276
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Competition and mutualism among the gut helminths of a mammalian host (2004)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 428 (2004), S. 840-844 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Most animal species are infected with multiple parasite species; however, the role of interspecific parasite interactions in influencing parasite dynamics and shaping parasite communities has been unclear. Although laboratory studies have found evidence of cross-immunity, immunosuppression and ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02490
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Population biology Parasites take control (2000)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 406 (2000), S. 33-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Parasites may make up half of the animal species on Earth, yet their impact on the populations of their unwilling hosts is largely unknown. Theory has defined the conditions under which parasites might stabilize and regulate host numbers. But although it seems that they can cause cyclic ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35017688
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proteins emerge from disarray (2000)
    [s.l.] : Nature America Inc.
    Nature biotechnology 18 (2000), S. 932-933 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1696
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: [Auszug] DNA microarrays are powerful tools for understanding the functional relationships between the large sets of genes now populating various genome databases. But despite their obvious value in gene expression profiling, such arrays reveal relatively little information about the final concentrations of ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/79400
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Engineered antibodies (2003)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 9 (2003), S. 129-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] The discovery of hybridoma technology by Kohler and Milstein in 1975 heralded a new era in antibody research and clinical development. Mouse hybridomas were the first reliable source of monoclonal antibodies and were developed for a number of in vivo therapeutic applications (Table 1; see ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0103-129
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Engineered antibody fragments and the rise of single domains (2005)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature biotechnology 23 (2005), S. 1126-1136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1696
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: [Auszug] With 18 monoclonal antibody (mAb) products currently on the market and more than 100 in clinical trials, it is clear that engineered antibodies have come of age as biopharmaceuticals. In fact, by 2008, engineered antibodies are predicted to account for 〉30% of all revenues in the biotechnology ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1142
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Single-Chain Fv of Anti-idiotype 11-1G10 Antibody Interacts with Antibody NC41 Single-Chain Fv with a Higher Affinity than the Affinity for the Interaction of the Parent Fab Fragments (1998)
    Springer
    The protein journal 17 (1998), S. 245-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Antibody ; anti-idiotype ; single-chain Fvs ; solution properties ; complexes with antigens ; binding affinities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A single-chain Fv (scFv) fragment of anti-idiotype antibody 11-1G10, which recognizes an idiotope of anti-neuraminidase antibody NC41, was constructed by joining VH and VL domains with a (Gly4Ser)3 linker, with a pelB leader sequence, and two C-terminal FLAG™ tag sequences, and expressed in E. coli (10 mg/L). The 11-1G10 scFv was isolated by affinity chromatography on an anti-FLAG M2 antibody column as a 2:1 mixture of monomer and dimer forms which were separated by Superdex 75 chromatography; monomer (at 100 μg/ml) was stable for 7 days at 21°C and 30 days at 4°C, whereas the dimer slowly dissociated to monomer to yield a 2:1 monomer–dimer equilibrium mixture after 30 days at 4°C. The dimer was bivalent, with each combining site binding an NC41 Fab to yield a stable complex of M r ≍ 156,000. Binding affinities, determined in solution using a BIAcore™ biosensor, showed that the affinity for the interaction of 11-1G10 scFv monomer with NC41 scFv monomer was five- to six-fold higher than the interaction of the parent Fab pair. This is the first example of an scFv derived from a monoclonal antibody with a higher affinity than its parent Fab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022584702108
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Utilization of the Streptoalloteichus hindustanus Resistance Determinant ShBle as a Protein Framework: Effect of Mutation upon ShBle Dimerization and Interaction of C-Terminal Displayed Peptide Epitopes (1999)
    Springer
    The protein journal 18 (1999), S. 813-821 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: ShBle ; framework ; dimerization ; FLAG epitope tag
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We have selected the Streptoalloteichus hindustanus bleomycin-resistance protein ShBle, a 28-kDa homodimer, as a scaffold for the display of bioactive peptides and other peptide epitopes. To create a monomeric scaffold, we investigated the effect of mutating residue proline 9 to glycine. This residue plays a critical role in ShBle dimerization by affecting the position of the eight N-terminal residues which secure the interaction between the monomeric subunits. We demonstrate that this mutation weakens the dimerization interaction, resulting in establishment of a stable equilibrium between monomeric and dimeric ShBle species in solution. Circular dichroism and SDS–PAGE data indicate that the Pro9Gly mutation does not disrupt the structure of the molecule. Production of a fully monomeric form of ShBle required complete removal of the eight-residue N-terminal peptide, and the interaction across the now solvent-exposed hydrophobic interface of the ShBle monomer was insufficient to drive dimerization. To demonstrate efficient display of epitope tags on the ShBle protein, we displayed dual-octapeptide FLAG tags at the protein C-terminus. These additions did not interfere with protein folding or activity. The resulting ShBle scaffold was used to compare the efficiency of two commercial FLAG-specific antibodies by biosensor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020618910455
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solution properties ofEscherichia coli-expressed VH domain of anti-neuraminidase antibody NC41 (1995)
    Springer
    The protein journal 14 (1995), S. 167-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Antibody ; VH domain ; dimerization ; detergent stabilization of monomer ; NMR analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The VH domain of anti-influenza neuraminidase antibody NC41, with and without a C-terminal hydrophilic marker peptide (FLAGTM), has been expressed in high yield (15–27 mg/L) inEscherichia coli. Both forms were secreted into the periplasm where they formed insoluble aggregates which were solubilized quantitatively with 2 M guanidine hydrochloride and purified to homogeneity by ion-exchange chromatography. The VH-FLAG was composed of three isoforms (pI values of ∼4.6, 4.9, and 5.3) and the VH molecule was composed of two isoforms with pI values of 5.1 and 6.7; the difference between the VH isoforms was shown to be due to cyclization of the N-terminal glutamine residue in the pI 5.1 isoform. At 20°C and concentrations of 5–10mg/ml the VH domain dimerized in solution and then partly precipitated, resulting in the broadening of resonances in its1H NMR spectrum. Reagents such as CHAPS,n-octylglucoside, and ethylene glycol, which presumably mask the exposed hydrophobic interface of the VH molecule, prevented dimerization of the VH and permitted good-quality NMR spectra on isotope-labeled protein to be obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01980329
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  • 10
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    Unraveling the disease consequences and mechanisms of modular structure in animal social networks (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: Disease risk is a potential cost of group living. Although modular organization is thought to reduce this cost in animal societies, empirical evidence toward this hypothesis has been conflicting. We analyzed empirical social networks from 43 animal species to motivate our study of the epidemiological consequences of modular structure in animal societies. From these empirical studies, we identified the features of interaction patterns associated with network modularity and developed a theoretical network model to investigate when and how subdivisions in social networks influence disease dynamics. Contrary to prior work, we found that disease risk is largely unaffected by modular structure, although social networks beyond a modular threshold experience smaller disease burden and longer disease duration. Our results illustrate that the lowering of disease burden in highly modular social networks is driven by two mechanisms of modular organization: network fragmentation and subgroup cohesion. Highly fragmented social networks with cohesive subgroups are able to structurally trap infections within a few subgroups and also cause a structural delay to the spread of disease outbreaks. Finally, we show that network models incorporating modular structure are necessary only when prior knowledge suggests that interactions within the population are highly subdivided. Otherwise, null networks based on basic knowledge about group size and local contact heterogeneity may be sufficient when data-limited estimates of epidemic consequences are necessary. Overall, our work does not support the hypothesis that modular structure universally mitigates the disease impact of group living.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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