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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Forest and laboratory evaluations of hybridizedApanteles melanoscelus [Hym.: Braconidae], a parasitoid ofPorthetria dispar [Lep.: Lymantriidae] (1975)
    Springer
    BioControl 20 (1975), S. 261-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des hybrides d'Apanteles melanoscelus (Ratzeburg) ont été obtenus avec des colonies en provenance de France, de Yougoslavie et du Connecticut. Toutes les souches aussi bien que des parasites «sauvages» de la même espèce récemment récoltés dans le Connecticut ont été étudiées en laboratoire au point de vue vitesse de développement, taux d'attaque de l'hôte et proportions des sexes. Le développement est significativement plus lent chez toutes les souches de laboratoire par comparaison avec la descendance de femelles collectées en forêt dans le Connecticut. La descendance des femelles «sauvages» et de l'hybride franco-yougoslave-Connecticut est près de deux fois plus importante que celle de la souche du Connecticut maintenue en laboratoire. La proportion des femelles dans la souche «sauvage» est plus élevée que dans toutes les souches de laboratoire. Une expérimentation de terrain a été réalisée dans le centre du Connecticut à l'aide de l'hybride triple dans trois sites de lâchers à raison d'environ 6 000 cocons deA. melanoscelus par site. Des récoltes hebdomadaires de chenilles du Bombyx dispar ont montré un pourcentage de parasitisme significativement plus élevé dans les parcelles de lâchers que dans les trois parcelles témoins. Ces résultats mettent en évidence l'intérêt de lâchers inondatifs deA. melanoscelus pour la réduction des populations dispersées de Bombyx dispar, mais ils n'indiquent pas que l'hybridation de souches produise un parasite plus efficace en forêt.
    Notes: Abstract Hybrids ofApanteles melanoscelus (Ratzeburg) were produced from colonies originating from France, Yugoslavia, and Connecticut. All strains, as well as freshly collected “wild” Connecticut parasitoids of the same species were evaluated in the laboratory for developmental rate, host attack rate, and sex ratios. Development was significantly slower in all the laboratory strains compared to the progeny of forest collected Connecticut females. Progeny production was greater (almost 2X) for the “wild” females and the French-Yugoslavian-Connecticut hybrid than for the laboratory Connecticut strain. The proportion of females collected from the “wild” (Connecticut) strain was higher than that observed in any laboratory strain. A field test was conducted using the triple hybrid in 3 release plots with ca. 6000A. melanoscelus cocoons released per plot in central Connecticut, U.S.A. Weekly collections of gypsy moth larvae showed that the % parasitism was significantly higher in release plots than in the 3 check plots. These results suggest the value of inundative releases ofA. melanoscelus for reduction of sparse gypsy moth populations, but they did not show that hybridization of these strains produced a more effective parasitoid under forest conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371951
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxicity of pesticides to the citrus leafminer and its parasitoid Ageniaspis citricola evaluated to assess their suitability for an IPM program in citrus nurseries (1998)
    Springer
    BioControl 43 (1998), S. 357-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: efficacy index ; IPM-compatibility index ; Phyllocnistis citrella ; selective pesticides ; selectivity index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The relative toxicity of pesticides to Phyllocnistis citrella and its parasitoid Ageniaspis citricola was compared by several bioassay methods. A clip-cage bioassay measured survival of adults exposed to fresh residues at 0.25-times (0.25×), 0.5×, 1×, and 2× the lowest recommended rate of each pesticide, a water control (0×), and 24- and 48-h aged residues of oil at 1.5% (1×) rate. A one-species cylinder bioassay determined the effects of pesticides on immature stages of the citrus leafminer after treating young citrus trees with the same rates of pesticides (except for avermectin, tested at 0×, 0.01×, 0.025×, 0.05×, 0.1×, and 0.25× rates). A sublethal rate of petroleum oil (0.4%) was added as an adjuvant in some treatments. The effect of pesticides on immature stages of A. citricola was determined with a two-species cylinder bioassay after treating young citrus trees with the same rates as above. An index of IPM compatibility was developed based on the efficacy of the pesticide as a control agent of the leafminer (or other pests) and its selectivity to the parasitoid at the lowest recommended field rate (0.25× the field rate for avermectin). Azadirachtin (Neemix) + oil, diflubenzuron (Micromite) + oil, fenoxycarb (Eclipse) + oil, and oil alone (FC 435-66) were classified as IPM-compatible insecticides. Sprays of azadirachtin (Align) + oil, neem oil (Neemgard), and drenched imidacloprid (Admire) were ranked as a semi-compatible insecticides. The fungicide copper hydroxide (Kocide 101) and a fish oil-based foliar fertilizer (Zapata HFE) were considered compatible. Avermectin (Agri-Mek) + oil, ethion (Ethion), and imidacloprid (Provado) applied as a spray were IPM-incompatible insecticides. These products should be tested under field conditions to confirm these ratings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009901511863
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterochromatinization, chromatin elimination and haploidization in the parahaploid mite Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) (1980)
    Springer
    Chromosoma 77 (1980), S. 263-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Embryogenic mitoses, mitoses in females and spermatogenesis are described in the predatory mite Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt). At 22° C, egg development lasts approximately 4 days. Six chromosomes are seen in mitotic metaphases and anaphases of 0–24 h eggs. Toward the end of this period some embryo squashes have patches of cells containing nuclei which are partially heteropycnotic. These patches of cells apparently increase in size with the age of the embryo. In approximately 1/2 of all 24–48 h-old eggs they encompass all or most cells of the embryo. In these embryos metaphases involved 6 chromosomes, anaphases 3. Either prior to, or following metaphase, a pairing of chromosomes appeared to take place to form 3 units which resembled meiotic diplotene chromosomes where there is opening out between homologues. At metaphase, two sets of 3 chromosomes were slightly differentially stained. One, designated the H set, was darker and slightly more contracted than the other, the E set. At anaphase, 3H and 3E chromosomes segregated in a reductional division retaining the differential contraction until telophase. No cytokinesis appeared. The H set appeared to remain contracted while the E set decontracted to assume the appearance of an interphase nucleus. Both of these entities, side-by-side, created the partially heteropycnotic nucleus mentioned above. The H set then appeared to be excluded from the cell. Mitotic meta and anaphases involving 6 chromosomes were noted in female deutonymphs. Spermatogenesis appeared to encompass an equational division of 3 chromosomes, with the formation of a binucleate spermatid. Two tail structures appeared juxtaposed at the edge of each spermatid and thereafter a separation into two individual sperms occurred. —While mitosis was not studied in known males, we believe that the embryos exhibiting heterochromatinization and elimination of chromosomes in most or all cells were in fact demonstrating parahaploidization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00286052
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental induction and termination of non-reciprocal reproductive incompatibilities in a parahaploid mite (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 87 (1998), S. 51-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: rearing temperature ; Metaseiulus occidentalis ; parahaploidy ; incompatibility ; sex ratio ; Wolbachia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments were conducted to investigate the relationship between rearing temperatures, the presence or absence of Wolbachia endosymbionts, and non-reciprocal reproductive incompatibility in inbred lines of the parahaploid phytoseiid mite Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Heat-treated females crossed with infected males reared at room temperature produced few eggs and high proportions of shriveled eggs. No female progeny were produced. The reciprocal cross was normal. A second experiment showed that the incompatible cross from the first experiment could be made compatible if the infected line was heat-treated and those males crossed with the original heat-treated females. Furthermore, a new incompatibility was induced in a formerly compatible cross when the newly heat-treated females were crossed with males from their base colony. Heat-treatment was correlated with the loss of Wolbachia in both experiments. Wolbachia may thus affect non-reciprocal reproductive incompatibility in M. occidentalis, and may produce a unique incompatibility phenotype in this parahaploid species, including both reduced numbers of male progeny and a lack of female progeny.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003207830606
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differences in water relations among the citrus leafminer and two different populations of its parasitoid inhabiting the same apparent microhabitat (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 89 (1998), S. 169-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: water balance ; citrus leafminer ; parasitoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The water balance relationships of adult females and pupae of two populations (Australian and Taiwan) of the parasitic wasp Ageniaspis citricola, a biological control agent of the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella, were compared to determine whether habitat preferences might differ between them. No differences were detected between Australian and Taiwan strains of the wasp during the pupal stage, but adult females from the Australian strain had lower net water loss rates than the parasitoid adults from Taiwan. This implies a greater moisture requirement by adults of the Taiwan strain, which should be considered before they are released into a new environment in classical biological control programs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003499824792
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wolbachia infection dynamics in experimental laboratory populations of Metaseiulus occidentalis (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 257-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Phytoseiidae ; symbiosis ; incompatibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wolbachia infection in arthropods may cause incompatibility between uninfected females and infected males, but infected females can reproduce with both infected and uninfected males, theoretically increasing the proportion of infected individuals in a polymorphic population. To determine whether the proportion of Wolbachia-infected Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in a polymorphic population would increase over time, three populations were initiated with 10% infected and 90% cured eggs and monitored for 12 generations. Wolbachia infection did not spread rapidly through the populations. Imperfect transmission rates and fitness costs were detected that could prevent the rapid spread of this Wolbachia. Thus this Wolbachia may not be useful as a drive mechanism for inserting useful genes into field populations of M. occidentalis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003846200146
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A population model for two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae and its predator Metaseiulus occidentalis (1980)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 28 (1980), S. 64-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Simulationsmodell, das für die Populationen der Obstbaumspinnmilbe (Panonychus ulmi Koch) und ihren Feind (Amblyseius potentillae Garman) entwickelt worden war (Rabbinge, 1976), wurde Metaseiulus occidentalis Nesbitt und Tetranychus urticae Koch angepasst. Das Modell verwendet Life-table Daten für T. urticae und M. occidentalis sowie die numerischen und funktionalen Reaktionen von M. occidentalis. Die im Modell gemachten Annahmen wurden getestet, indem das Modellergebnis mit den Resultaten eines unabhängigen Gewächshausversuchs verglichen wurde. Die Sensitivitätsanalyse zeigte, dass der Zeitpunkt der Freilassung entscheidend ist für eine rasche Begrenzung der Wirtspopulation. Das Räuber-Wirtverhältnis und die Häufigkeit der Freilassung sind weniger wichtig. Unterschiede in der numerischen und funktionalen Reaktion und die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit scheinen ebenfalls weniger wichtig zu sein als der richtige Zeitpunkt der Freilassung.
    Notes: Abstract A population simulation model that was developed for the fruit tree red spider mite (Panonychus ulmi Koch) and its phytoseiid predator (Amblyseius potentillae Garman) (Rabbinge, 1976) was adapted to Metaseiulus occidentalis Nesbitt and Tetranychus urticae Koch. The model uses life-table data for T. urticae and M. occidentalis and M. occidentalis' numerical and functional responses. The assumptions made in the model were tested by comparing the model outcome with the results of an independent greenhouse experiment. Sensitivity analyses were also done to evaluate the implicit assumptions of the model and to determine the relative importance of the rates and parameters used. Results of the sensitivity analysis showed that time of release is critical for rapid control of the prey population. Predator-prey release ratios and frequency of releases are relatively less important. Differences in functional and numerical response and predator dispersal rate also seem relatively less important than proper timing of releases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422026
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selection for and genetic analysis of permethrin resistance in Metaseiulus occidentalis: Genetic improvement of a biological control agent (1981)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 30 (1981), S. 10-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé M. occidentalis est un important prédateur de tétranyques dans les agrosystèmes par suite de sa résistance élevée à l'azinphosméthyl. Nous avons entrepris un programme de sélection pour améliorer son efficacité par l'obtention d'une résistance à la perméthrine pyréthroïde. Une lignée a été traitée à partir de 1 g AI/100 litres, avec des doses croissantes; la survie à cette dose des femelles adultes après 48 heures sur des disques trempés de feuilles de haricots était de 21%. Après 18 sélections la survie vie moyenne à 8 g AI/100 litres était de 23%. Ce taux modeste de résistance peut permettre la survie de cette lignée dans les vergers ou vignobles traités avec des taux modérés de perméthrine (les doses appliquées varient entre 1,2 et 12 g AI/100 litres d'eau). L'analyse génétique montre que la résistance de cette lignée à la perméthrine n'est pas due à un seul gène dominant ou récessif. Les résultats s'ajustent mieux à un modèle quantitatif: aucun effet maternel ou lié au sexe n'a été observé en F1. L'introduction de cette lignée pourrait ainsi être tentée dans les vergers, vignobles ou serres sans M. occidentalis, parce qu'il n'y en a jamais eu ou parce qu'ils ont été éliminés par les traitements à la perméthrine. La résistance croisée a été observée dans cette lignée résistante, aux fenvalerate pyréthroïdes et à Shell-57706. La résistance à l'azinphosméthyl de la population initiale sélectionnée pour la résistance à la perméthrine subsiste sans qu'il y ait besoin de maintenir une sélection supplémentaire à l'azinphosméthyl. Une incompatibilité génétique a été observée dans les croisements entre les mâles des colonies initiales sensibles à la perméthrine et les femelles sélectionnées pour leur résistance à la perméthrine. La cause de cette incompatibilité génétique est inconnue, mais si elle pouvait être augmentée, elle pourrait empêcher la perte de la résistance à la perméthrine dans les cultures, puisque les croisements entre populations résistantes et sensibles à la perméthrine seraient réduits. Des essais dans les cultures avec la lignée à la perméthrine sont en cours.
    Notes: Abstract A strain of Metaseiulus (= Typhlodromus) occidentalis (Nesbitt) was treated with increasing dosages of the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin, starting with 1 g AI/100 l. Initially, survival on dipped leaf discs was 21% at this dose. After 18 selections, the strain had developed moderate resistance (ca. 10x) with survival averaging 23% at 8 g AI/100 l. Dose mortality lines were established using sprayed leaf discs for the selected strain, the base strain from which it was derived, their reciprocal F1 hybrids, F2 progeny and backcross (to the base strain males) progeny. The respective LC50 values (in g AI/100 l) using this method are: 3.81, 0.39, 0.88, 0.75 and 0.30. Permethrin resistance in this strain probably is determined quantitatively. Field releases into orchards or vineyards of this genetically improved strain therefore should be done after a permethrin spray has been applied to facilitate replacement of native M. occidentalis populations. Unidirectional genetic incompatibility was observed in crosses between the base strain males and selected strain females. The cause of this incompatibility is unknown, but could influence release strategies or field success. The base colony is resistant to azinphosmethyl and the selected strain retained its azinphosmethyl resistance, indicating there was no negatively correlated cross resistance. There was cross resistance to other pyrethroids (fenvalerate, Shell 57706).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00333905
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of some food sources associated with cassava in Africa on the development, fecundity and longevity of Euseius fustis (Pritchard and Baker) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 20 (1996), S. 73-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Cassava ; phytoseiid ; Euseius fustis ; Mononychellus tanajoa ; Oligonychus gossypii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Various foods associated with cassava were tested for their effect on the development, fecundity and longevity of Euseius fustis, the most common phytoseiid species found on cassava in Africa. Euseius fustis developed successfully to adulthood on the spider mite prey species Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) and Oligonychus gossypii (Zacher) and on pollen from maize, castor bean and cassava. Euseius fustis also completed development on water-diluted phloem exudate from cassava, diluted honeydew from the cassava mealybug and on various pollen and prey combinations. When reared on Tetranychus urticae Koch prey or free water only, E. fustis did not develop past the deutonymphal stage. All larvae held on clean leaf discs on water-soaked cotton died without moulting, suggesting that E. fustis must feed in order to moult to the nymphal stages. Diets of maize plus castor bean pollen and maize pollen plus M. tanajoa resulted in the highest rate of development, the highest fecundity and the greatest longevity. Castor bean pollen alone and maize pollen alone produced a higher fecundity and greater longevity than M. tanajoa tested alone. A colony of E. fustis reared continuously for seven generations on castor bean pollen produced nine times more adult females than a colony of E. fustis reared continuously on M. tanajoa. No negative effects on the development and fecundity of E. fustis were observed after seven generations were reared on pollen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051154
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of prey stage on life-table attributes of a genetically manipulated strain ofMetaseiulus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 9 (1990), S. 201-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Metaseiulus occidentalis females from the carbaryl-organophosphate-sulfur resistant strain (COS) lived longer (25.3 days versus 19.7 days), had a higher total fecundity (43.8 eggs female−1 versus 33.6 eggs female−1) and a higher daily fecundity rate (2.4 eggs female−1 day−1 versus 2.0 eggs female−1 day−1), and exhibited a higher intrinsic rate of increase (0.243 individuals female−1 day−1 versus 0.182 individuals female−1 day−1) and shorter generation time (13.9 days versus 17.0 days), at 24–28°C, 47–56%rh under continuous fluorescent light, when reared on a diet of 0–48-h-old eggs rather than a diet of mixed actives ofTetranychus pacificus McGregor on bean leaf disks. The sexratio of the progeny was female-biased for both diets, 2.1 females to 1 male forM. occidentalis reared on eggs and 2.0:1 ♀:♂ forM. occidentalis reared on mixed actives, suggesting that diet influences sex-ratio in some unknown way. There was no significant difference in oviposition rates for repeatedly-mated and once-matedM. occidentalis females reared on a diet of younger (0–24-h old) eggs compared to a diet of older (72–96-h old) eggs ofT. pacificus. The COS strain ofM. occidentalis exhibited life-table parameters comparable to the other strains reported in the literature, suggesting that the reproductive attributes of this acarine predator were not reduced as a result of artificial laboratory selection. Diet, a biotic factor, produced substantial differences in life-table parameters, suggesting that this factor can influence conclusions regarding the potential efficacy of biological control agents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01193429
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